Children's Eye Wiki

1p36 Deletion Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:27:43+00:00

1p36 Deletion Syndrome Main Features * Developmental Delay * Seizures * Brain Malformation Eye Findings * Poor vision responses (visually inattentive) 44%-64% * Strabismus 35%-67% * Horizontal * Duane Syndrome- 2 cases * Refractive Errors

22q11.2 Distal Deletion Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-24T19:51:24+00:00

22q11.2 Distal Deletion Syndrome contrast to DiGeorge Syndrome Main Features * Facial dysmorphism, growth delay, developmental delay, and mild skeletal abnormalities Eye Findings * literature on distal 22q11.2 deletions (e.g., LCR-E to LCR-F) is limited, but available case reports and series indicate that the ocular phenotype overlaps with that of the classic

Aase-Smith Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Aase-Smith Syndrome Main Features Type I * Severe joint contractures * Hydrocephalus from Dandy Walker anomaly * Overlap with Gordon syndrome Type II * Triphalangeal thumbs (finger-like) * Anemia * Might be the same as Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome Eye Findings * Downslanting palpebral fissures: euryblepharon, occasionally

This Wiki is maintained by:

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-28T00:11:53+00:00

This Wiki is maintained by: Scott A. Larson MD Disclaimer The information provided on this website is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as, nor should it be considered, medical advice, providing diagnosis, or recommending treatment. The content on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical guidance from a qualified healthcare provider.

AC/A Ratio

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

AC/A Ratio Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Ratio Gradient Method * Ratio = Change in deviation / change in accommodation * Fixation distance is fixed. * Measure deviation with and without a modifying lens * The lens is changing the amount of accommodation

Achromatopsia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-01T17:17:12+00:00

Achromatopsia Main Features * Reduced vision due to lack of functioning cones * Vision usually 20/200 with complete color blindness in complete forms * Incomplete forms may have better vision and some color vision * Nystagmus that may improve with age

Acrochordon

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Acrochordon AKA “Skin Tag” * usually develop in areas where skin rubs on skin Reference * Amercian Academy of Dermatology

Action of Extraocular Muscles from Primary Position

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-15T00:22:38+00:00

Action of Extraocular Muscles from Primary Position MusclePrimarySecondaryTertiaryMedial RectusAdduction----Lateral RectusAbduction----Inferior RectusDepressionExtorsionAdductionSuperior RectusElevationIntorsionAdductionInferior ObliqueExtorsionElevation

Actions of Extraocular Muscles with Strabismus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-15T15:21:19+00:00

Actions of Extraocular Muscles with Strabismus Ductions Movement of a single eye in any direction * adduction- medial/nasal movement * abduction - lateral/temporal movement * sursumduction- elevation * infraduction- depression * incycloduction- superior limbus moves nasally

Value of Two Horizontal Prisms

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-15T02:06:24+00:00

Value of Two Horizontal Prisms One prism held over either eye * Prisms are assumed to be in the opposite directions over each eye (e.g. both base in or base out) * Prisms are in the frontal plane position. [frontal plane position] Calculator Click Here Table Prism Value 10

Acyclovir

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Acyclovir In Pediatric HSV keratitis * Suspension: 200mg/5 ml (40mg/ml) Epithelial Disease * Acute Infection: 40-80 mg/kg/day divided TID to QID for 10-14 days * Suppression Dosing: 20-30 mg/kg/day divided BID * Can move to 10-15 mg/kg/day once a day dosing after 1-3 months

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Associations * Aicardi Syndrome * Isolated finding * Lissencephaly syndrome * Andermann syndrome (2 reports of optic atrophy) * Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13) * Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome ddx

Aicardi Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Aicardi Syndrome Main Features * Classic Triad: * Infantile Spasms * Agenesis of the corpus callosum * Chorioretinal lacunae Eye Findings * Anterior Segment: Microcornea with or without coloboma * Posterior Segment: Chorioretinal Lacunae radiating from optic disc most often

Alagille Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Alagille Syndrome Main Features * Eye Findings * Posterior embryotoxon (78%-95%) * Prominent Schwalbe's line * Diffuse fundus hypopigmentation (45%-57%) * Optic disc drusen (pseudopapilledema) * Papilledema Other Findings * Increased intracranial pressure

Albinism

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-29T20:00:20+00:00

Albinism Main Features * Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA): Hypopigmentation of skin and hair with characteristic eye findings * Ocular Albinism (OA): Normal skin and hair pigmentation with characteristic eye findings Eye Findings * Refractive error: significant myopia, hyperopia and/or astigmatism

Alexander's Law

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-22T22:57:49+00:00

Alexander's Law * Describes the gaze evoked increase in amplitude of nystagmus that occurs when looking in the direction of the fast phase of nystagmus (direction of saccadic movements). * This can occur in those with idiopathic nystagmus but especially in those with vestibular lesions.

Anesthesia Guidelines (UIHC)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Anesthesia Guidelines (UIHC) * [Post-op Apnea Monitoring- SFCH] * [Patients not appropriate for the ASC (as of Jan 2023)]

Angelman Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Angelman Syndrome Main Features * Severe developmental delay or intellectual disability * Severe speech impairment * Gait ataxia and/or tremulousness of the limbs * Apparent happy demeanor that includes frequent laughing, smiling, and excitability

Pediatric Anterior Uveitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pediatric Anterior Uveitis Causes * Primarily Ocular * Infectious * post-surgical (P. Acnes) * herpes viruses * Post-traumatic iritis * Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis * Lens-related * IOL related * Glaucomacyclitic crisis (Posner Schlossman)

Antibiogram

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-27T14:21:31+00:00

Antibiogram Generated by OpenEvidence.com 27Jun2025 Organism Antibiotic % Susceptible (Range) Notes (if any) Staphylococcus aureus Oxacillin (Methicillin) ~58–62 MRSA prevalence varies by region

Apocrine Hydrocystoma of the conjunctiva

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Apocrine Hydrocystoma of the conjunctiva * Ectopic deposition of apocrine glands * unicameral cystic cavity of the conjunctiva lined with double layer of cells with apical decapitations * May occur spontaneously, after strabismus surgery or conjunctival trauma

Neuro-Opthalmic Signs in Children with Ataxia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Neuro-Opthalmic Signs in Children with Ataxia Causes of Ataxia * Hypoxic-Ischemia enchephalopathy * Episodic ataxia * Neuronal ceroid lipofucinosis * Joubert syndrome * Neuronal migration disorder * Ischemic stroke * Friedreich ataxia * Mitochondrial Disease

Atopy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T20:56:44+00:00

Atopy a genetic predisposition to produce IgE in response to common environmental allergens. - Th2-dominant immune response leads to increased production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 cytokines which promote the synthesis of Ige and eosinophils. Leads to rhinitis, asthma, dermatitis and food allergies

Atropine for Myopia Progression

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-11T19:28:41+00:00

Atropine for Myopia Progression Resources Sydnexis low-Dose Atropine STAR study outcomes 2025 myopia_progression

Atropine

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Atropine Side Effects * Red as a beet (flushed & v/d) * Mad as a hatter (acute delirium) * Blind as a bat (cyclopleged) * Hot as Hades (fever) * Dry as a bone (no lacrimation / salivation / sweat / urination / no G.I.) Resources * Pharmacorama: Atropine drugs side_effect

Avastin (bevacizumab) for Retinopathy of Prematurity

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Avastin (bevacizumab) for Retinopathy of Prematurity Dosing * Lowest effective dose is not yet clear * Current UIHC dosing * Avastin 25mg/ml concentration (undiluted) and giving 0.25 mg in 0.01 ml Ordering * bevacizumab (25mg/ml) 0.25mg per 0.01 ml

Axial Eye Length Prediction Calculator

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-06T23:24:09+00:00

Axial Eye Length Prediction Calculator Click Here References * [Download Calculator in Excel] * Adapted from Trivedi RH et al. A Model to Predict Postoperative Axial Length in Children Undergoing Bilateral Cataract Surgery With Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 2019;206:228–234.- cataract calculator

Azithromycin for Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-03T16:06:06+00:00

Azithromycin for Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in Children * Oral Azithromycin 5mg/kg/day * Once daily dosing * Recheck in monthly intervals * May combine with other topical anti-inflammatory treatment as needed Side Effects * GI (most common): diarrhea 5%, nausea 4%, abdominal pain 3%, vomiting 1%, dyspepsia, flatulence, constipation, hyptertrophic pyloric stenosis in neonates

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T23:37:56+00:00

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Main Features * Dysfunction of Brain, eye, kidneys and genitalia * Ciliopathy Eye Findings * Retinal degeneration (almost 100%) * Rod-cone dystrophy with early macular involvement * Pigmentary changes in macula first *

Batten Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:37:08+00:00

Batten Disease * a.k.a. CLN3-associated disease and Juvenile Ceroid Lipofucinosis * Inherited CNS disorder * Progressive loss of developmental milestones * Movement and Speech dysfunction * Seizures * Psychosis * Retinal degeneration

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Main Features * Pediatric overgrowth syndrome * height and weight >97% in first few years of life * Hemihyperplasia * Macroglossia * Abdominal wall defects (omphalocele, umbilical hernia, diastasis recti) *

Behçet's Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-04T22:46:10+00:00

Behçet's Disease Main Features * Systemic Vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral ulcers (nearly all) with variable involvement of skin, eyes, joints, vascular system, GI tract and CNS Eye Findings * Occur in about 50% and if present is usually bilateral

Behçet Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-03T03:12:20+00:00

Behçet Disease * Systemic vascular inflammatory disorder affecting skin, mucous membranes, eyes, lungs, GI tract and CNS. It is characterized by: * Mouth sores- aphthous ulcers usually first sign * Genital sores- (75%) small ulcers on scrotum or labia

Beta-Blockers

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Beta-Blockers Side Effects * Exacerbate CHF / asthma / COPD / heart block * Hide hypoglycemia in DM * Trigger MG crisis * Timolol in neonates (apnea / brady / bronchospasm) drugs side_effects

Optic Atrophy in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-30T18:39:12+00:00

Optic Atrophy in Children Causes * Eye Malformation/Injury/Infection * Aniridia * Accidental or Non-Accidental trauma * Neuroretinitis * Retinal Dystrophy * CSNB * Leber congenital amaurosis * Stargardt disease- late finding * X-linked retinoschisis

Blepharitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Blepharitis ---------- AAO Preferred Practice Pattern blepharitis

Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (PBKC)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T20:57:39+00:00

Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (PBKC) Definition * from PBKC Study group, “Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivis is an underdiagnosed, sight-threatening, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory ocular surface disease affecting children and adolescents. Its clinical spectrum includes chronic blepharitis, meibomitis, conjunctivitis, and corneal involvement ranging from superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) to corneal infiltrates with vascularization and scarring

Botox Dilution Instructions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Botox Dilution Instructions Mix with 0.9% Sodium Chloride, preservative free for injection Amount added to 100 U VialResultant Dose (units per 0.1mL)1 mL10 Units2 mL5 Units4 mL2.5 Units8 mL*1.25 Units *Manufacturer recommended concentration for strabismus (package insert)

Botulinum Toxin Dosage for Strabismus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Botulinum Toxin Dosage for Strabismus ConditionUnitsHorizontal Strabismus*- under 25 PD2.5Horizontal Strabismus- over 25 PD2.5-5.0 6th Nerve Palsy- Injection into Medial Rectus Early- 1-3 months 1-2Later with transposition or Medial contracture

Brimonidine (Alpha-2 Agonist)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Brimonidine (Alpha-2 Agonist) Main Effects * Lowers IOP * Pupil constriction * Effect of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.2% on pupil size in normal eyes under different luminance conditions. McDonald et al. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 2021;27(4):560-564 Side Effects * CNS depression * Hypotension * Apnea * Lethargy * Hypotonia * Hypothermia drugs side_effect

Brown Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Brown Syndrome Description * Abnormality of the superior oblique tendon * Limitation of elevation in adduction Clinical Characteristics * Deficient elevation in adduction that improves in abduction * Hypotropia * Chin up head position and/or face turn away from affected eye

Bull's Eye Maculopathy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-07T20:17:22+00:00

Bull's Eye Maculopathy Possible Causes * Choroquine/hydroxychloroquine toxicity * Stargardt disease * Cone dystrophy * Cone-rod dystrophy * Central areolar choroidal atrophy * Chronic macular hole * Fenestrated sheen macular dystrophy * Benign concentric annular macular dystrophy

Calculators

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-08T04:21:22+00:00

Calculators * Axial Eye Length Prediction Calculator * Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Score Calculator * CPT Codes for Ophthalmology Search Tool * IOL Calculators * Optic Disc Area Calculator * Prism Diopter to Degree Converter * RVU Calculator (AAPC) * Proportion Converter * Statistical Tests * Value of Two Horizontal Prisms * Value of Two Stacked Prisms calculator

Capsular Tension Rings

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Capsular Tension Rings Size The package has a circled number of 10, 11, or 12 which represents the compressed diameter of the device and is not analogous to the 12 or 13 that we are used to use with the AMO CTR. The max diameter which is a bit hidden on the package is analogous to the 12 or 13 that we were familiar with on the AMO CTR.

Carbamazepine

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Carbamazepine Side Effects Gastrointestinal Very common (10% or more): Nausea (29%), vomiting (18%), constipation (10%) Very rare (less than 0.01%): Colitis, glossitis, stomatitis, pancreatitis Frequency not reported: Dryness of the mouth, with suppositories occasional rectal irritation may occur, diarrhea, oral ulceration Postmarketing reports: Gastric distress, abdominal pain, anorexia A single case of chemical pancreatitis has been reported in association with carbamazepine intoxication.

St Luke's OR Case Classification

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-14T19:08:56+00:00

St Luke's OR Case Classification

Retinal Hemorrhage- causes other than Child Abuse (ddx)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-07T20:16:17+00:00

Retinal Hemorrhage- causes other than Child Abuse (ddx) Hemorrhages from these causes are usually few in number and confined to the posterior pole and not subretinal * Accidental Trauma * Hemodynamic * Hypertension * Hypotension * Hypoxia

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) Risk Factors/Causes * Atherosclerosis * Emboli * Cardiac sources:valves or myxoma * Coagulopathies * Sickle cell * Oral contraceptives * pregnancy * homocystinuria * platelet abnormalities

Cerebellar Vermis Hypoplasia (Ddx)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cerebellar Vermis Hypoplasia (Ddx) * Joubert Syndrome * Varadi Syndrome * Oro-Facial-Digital Syndrome - Type II (Mohr Syndrome) * Dandy-Walker Syndrome ddx

CHARGE Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

CHARGE Syndrome Characteristics * Coloboma * Unilateral or bilateral coloboma of the iris, retina-choroid, and/or disc with or without microphthalmos (80%-90% of individuals) * Heart Defects (75-85%) * Almost every type of congenital heart defect has been described including VSD, ASD, PDA

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-04T18:33:16+00:00

Chediak-Higashi syndrome Main Features * Oculocutaneous albinism * varying degrees of pigmentation * Congenital Immunodeficiency * Recurrent pyogenic infections of skin and respiratory tract * Bleeding Diathesis * mucosal bleeding

Cherry Red Spot

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cherry Red Spot Differential diagnosis * Central retinal artery occlusion EyeRounds Case * Farber lipogranulomatosis * GM1 gangliosidosis type 1, type 2 * GM2 gangliosidosis type 1 (Tay-Sachs disease) or type 2 (Sandhoff disease) * Metachromatic leukodystrophy * Panthothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) (Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome) * Neimann-Pick disease Fundus Image * Sialidosis (mucolipidosis type 1) * Quinine Toxicity Image * Dapsone Toxicity * Me…

Choroidal Melanoma

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Choroidal Melanoma Factors Predicting transformation from nevus to melanoma * “To Find Symptoms of Ocular Melanoma- Use Helpful Hints Daily” * Thickness > 2mm * Fluid, Subretinal * Symptoms, visual * Orange pigment * Margin within 3 mm of optic disc

Ciliopathies and characteristic eye findings

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T23:35:56+00:00

Ciliopathies and characteristic eye findings Ciliopathy Characteristic Eye FindingsBardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) Rod-cone dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, progressive vision lossSenior-Løken syndrome (SLSN) Early-onset retinal degeneration, nystagmus, cone-rod dystrophyJoubert syndrome (JS) Retinal dystrophy, chorioretinal coloboma, oculomotor apraxia, ptosis, nystagmus, strabismus

Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Score Calculator

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-07T01:33:32+00:00

Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Score Calculator Click Here calculator convergence

Cloudy Cornea in Neonates

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cloudy Cornea in Neonates Possible Causes * Trauma * Forceps * Chemical injury * Needle perforation with amnioscentesis * Infections (corneal ulceration possible) * Herpes Simplex * Rubella * Nisseria gonorrhoeae * Glaucoma (increased IOP)

Coats' Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:28:35+00:00

Coats' Disease Background * Described by Georges Coats (Scotland) in 1908 * Unilateral retinal vascular abnormalities and retinal exudation in young males * Similar to Leber's descripiton of a similar condition in 1912 called Leber's disease

Cobalamin C Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cobalamin C Disease Methylmalonic acuduria with homocystinuria Main Features * Most common inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism * Early Onset (First year of life) * Neurologic & Cognitive Deterioration * Pancytopenia * Megaloblastic anemia

Cocaine, Amphetamine and Apraclonidine Pupil effects in Horner Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cocaine, Amphetamine and Apraclonidine Pupil effects in Horner Syndrome Cocaine and Amphetamine * see Horner syndrome and Cocaine Apraclonidine * Will cause “reversal” of anisocoria in Horner syndrome * Dilation of the Horner pupil from apraclonidine binding to the Alpha-1 receptors that are up-regulated after 2-5 days

Color Vision Deficiency

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Color Vision Deficiency Classification Red-Green Color deficiency * Deutan * 6% of males * Defect in M-opsins for medium wavelength sensitive cones * Deuteranomaly * most common * a type of anomalous trichomacy * abnormal function of green cones

Color vision testing for Pilots

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Color vision testing for Pilots * There is a 2 or 3 part (depending on pilot class) functional test performed at Flight Standards District Offices. * Everyone must take and pass an OCVT (occupational color vision test) consisting of chart reading and a signal light test.

Colored Contact Lenses

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-19T19:54:57+00:00

Colored Contact Lenses Air Optics Colors by Alcon * Powers: +6.00 to -6.00 (0.25 D steps); -6.50 D to -8.00 D (-0.5 D steps) * Base Curve: 8.6 * Diameter: 14.2 * Dk/t: 138 @ -3.00 D * Material: lotrafilcon A * Replacement: montly * Colors: 12

Congenital Cataract- Stepwise approach to determining etiology

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-02T19:34:27+00:00

Congenital Cataract- Stepwise approach to determining etiology Preform History and Physical Examination to Determine if one of the following present * Multiple Congenital Anomalies * Isolated Ocular Abnormalities * One organ system abnormality

Congenital Disorders of the Optic Nerve

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Congenital Disorders of the Optic Nerve Excavations and Hypoplasia Optic Disc Coloboma * Abnormal fusion of the optic cup * Sporadic or inherited Associations * CHARGE association (coloboma, choanal atresia, congenital heart disease, and multiple other abnormalities)

Congenital Esotropia Surgical Plan (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-06T15:46:25+00:00

Congenital Esotropia Surgical Plan (W. Scott) (From William E. Scott MD) Angle BMRc LRs BLRs 30 10 mm - - 35 10.5 mm - - 40 11 mm - - 45-50 11.5 mm - - 55

Congenital Esotropia Surgical Plan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Congenital Esotropia Surgical Plan AngleBMRc*LRsBLRs3010 mm--3510.5 mm--4011 mm--4511.5 mm--5012 mm--5512.5 mm--6011 mm4 mm-6511 mm5 mm-7011 mm6 mm-7511 mm7 mm-8011 mm-4 mm9011 mm-5 mm10011mm-6 mm>10011mm-7 mm*Measured from limbus * BMRc = Bilateral medial rectus recessions

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-01T15:52:13+00:00

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness Main Features * Night Blindness, variable vision loss, largely normal fundus * May have nystagmus and strabismus Distinguishing Features * Night blindness * Normal Appearing Fundus * High Myopia *

Conjunctival Pigmented Lesions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-25T19:50:47+00:00

Conjunctival Pigmented Lesions Nevi * Usually appear in childhood * Maybe pigmented or non-pigmented * May become more pigmented with puberty or pregnancy * Appearance * well circumscribed * cystic spaces * Vascular supply * Categorized histologically as

Estimating Contact Lens Power in Post-Operative Infant Aphakia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Estimating Contact Lens Power in Post-Operative Infant Aphakia Based on Pre-Operative Axial Lengh * Contact lens power = 84.4 - (3.2 x Axial Length) * Trivedi and Wilson. Ophthalmology, 2013 October; 120(10): 1973-1976 Free full text * Contact lens power = 70.4 - (2.5 x Axial length)

Convergence Insufficiency

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:44:23+00:00

Convergence Insufficiency * Symptoms of eye strain, double vision with near work, headaches, astenopia worse with prolonged near work * Abnormally far near point of convergence * Common accompanying signs: * exophoria greater at near than distance * decreased or absent

Convergence

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-05T22:18:52+00:00

Convergence * Both eyes adduct independent of each other * Accompanies accommodation (AC/A ratio) * Used to maintain fixation on near targets * Quantified by measuring convergence amplitudes and near point of convergence * Dysfunctional convergence is seen in Exophoria and Exotropia

Converting Prism Diopters to Degrees

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Converting Prism Diopters to Degrees Prism diopter = 100 * TAN Angle Or Angle = ARCTAN (Prism diopter / 100) * Angles are in degrees * Rule-of-thumb for small angles: * 1 Prism Diopter for every 0.57 Degrees * 1 Degree for every 1.75 Prism Diopters

Horizontal Corneal Diameters

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Horizontal Corneal Diameters * Full Term Infants * Average: 9.8 mm * Range: 9.0 -11 mm * Adult * Average: 11.7 mm * Reached by age 7 cornea ocular_measurements

Cover Tests for Strabismus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cover Tests for Strabismus * How to Perform a Basic Cover Test by Christopher Kirkpatrick and Tony Klauer * AAO Introductory Strabismus Simulator * AAO Complex Strabismus Simulator strabismus

CPT Codes for Ophthalmology Search Tool

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-06T22:52:42+00:00

CPT Codes for Ophthalmology Search Tool Click Here coding calculator

CPT Codes for Ophthalmology

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-11T23:51:20+00:00

CPT Codes for Ophthalmology Click here for ⇒ CPT Search Tool ---------- CPT Code CPT Description

Cri-du-Chat Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-11T18:03:54+00:00

Cri-du-Chat Syndrome a.k.a. 5p Deletion syndrome Main Features * High-pitched cat-like cry in infancy * Intellectual disability / Global developmental delay * Characteristic craniofacial features * hypertelorism * epicanthal folds *

Crytalline Retinopathy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

ddx retina Crytalline Retinopathy Ocular Causes * Bietti crystalline dystrophy * Calcific drusen * Gyrate atrophy * Retinal telangiectasia Systemic Causes * Primary hereditary hyperoxaluria * Cystinosis * Secondary oxalosis (due to CRF and hemodialysis)

Cysticercosis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-26T18:35:28+00:00

Cysticercosis * A parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium * Caused by ingesting food or water contaminated by the worm's eggs (frequently fecal-oral transmission) which hatch in the gut and larvae migrate to the tissues then form cysts in the tissue.

Cytarabine

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Cytarabine AKA cytosine arabinoside Ocular side effects * Conjunctivitis * Uveitis drugs

Dacryoadenitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Dacryoadenitis - inflammation of the lacrimal gland (main or accessory) Etiology * Infection * Viral most common * Epstein-Barr most common * Adenovirus * Varicella Zoster * Herpes Simplex * Rhinovirus * Cytomegalovirus

Danon Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-20T14:34:39+00:00

Danon Disease Main Features * Hypertropic Cardiomyopathy * Skeletal myopathy * Intellectual disability Eye Findings * Pigmentary Retinopathy (20%) * Cone-Rod Dystrophy Other Findings * Cardiac conduction abnormalities * Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Demodex Blepharitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-17T18:58:47+00:00

Demodex Blepharitis Links * AAO Wiki page * Microscopic image * Cliradex on Amazon * Wipe eyelids QD x 6 weeks * Xdemvy

Diabetic Retinopathy in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-26T19:33:29+00:00

Diabetic Retinopathy in Children * Uncommon in young children * Microvascular complications may become evident in adolescence * 3-6% of Type I diabetes * 9-10% in Type II diabetes * Non-proliferative and vision-threatening retinopathy is rare before age 12

Diamox (Acetazolamide) for Intracranial Hypertension

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Diamox (Acetazolamide) for Intracranial Hypertension Dosing * Starting Dose: 15-25 mg/kg/day (divide BID to TID) * May be increased up to 100 mg/kg/day * Not to exceed 2g/day * May divide into BID or TID dosing Side Effects * GI Upset

DiGeorge Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:47:05+00:00

DiGeorge Syndrome Main Features * Various phenotypic expressions with multiorgan dysgenesis * Most common abnormalities involve the following systems/organs: * cardiac * craniofacial * thymus * parathyroid Eye Findings * Anterior segment

Dipiprazole

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Dipiprazole Dipiprazole hydrochloride 0.5% * alpha adrenergic blocker * marketed as “Nurev” * used to reverse dilation of the pupils by * phenylepherine (adrenergic) * tropicamide (parasympatheticolytic) * two drops each eye, repeat in 5 min

Grading Disc Edema

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Grading Disc Edema Eye Rounds iih

Donnai-Barrow Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Donnai-Barrow Syndrome * a.k.a. Faciooculoacousticorenal syndrome (FOAR) Main Features * Facial abnormalities * Prominent Brow * Short Nose * Hypertelorism * Ocular anomalies * Myopia (often high) * Iris hypoplasia * Retinal Detachment

Doxycycline for Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-03T16:00:31+00:00

Doxycycline for Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in Children * Avoid in younger than age 8 due to concern about teeth yellowing and enamel hypoplasia Dosing * 40-200 mg/day have been used * most evidence for 100 mg QD x 3 months or 50 mg QD x 8 months

Drug Induced Intracranial Hypertension

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Drug Induced Intracranial Hypertension Medication Class Number of verified cases in literature as of 2019 Medication Vitamin A and derivatives 84

Duane Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Duane Syndrome Description * Congenital abnormality of the 6th cranial nerve * 4th-8th week of gestation * Missing nucleus in most cases (4th week) * Abnormal innervation from 3rd cranial nerve TypeAbductionAdductionDeviationFrequencyIPoor

Dupilumab

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:11:03+00:00

Dupilumab a.k.a. Dupixent used to treat atopic atopic disease (dermatitis, asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis) Ocular Complications * Reported in clinical trials (more often than with placebo) * conjunctivitis * keratitis * superficial punctate keratitis

DVD Surgery (Molinari)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

DVD Surgery (Molinari) Prism Diopters deviation Superior Rectus Recession, mm <10 6 10 7 11-15 8

DVD Surgery (Keech)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:43:06+00:00

DVD Surgery (Keech) - By Ronald V. Keech, MD DVD (Prism Diopters) Unilateral Superior Rectus Recession (mm) Bilateral Superior Rectus Recessions (mm) < 10 5 8 10-14

DVD Surgery (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

DVD Surgery (W. Scott) (From William E. Scott MD) DVDSuperior Rectus Recession<10Δ5 mm<15Δ6 mm<20Δ7 mm<25Δ8 mm>25Δ9 mm strabismus_surgery strabismus_tables bill_scott

Dyslexia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-20T20:51:58+00:00

Dyslexia A primary reading disorder resulting from a written word processing abnormality in the brain, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent sight word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties are unexpected in relation to the child's other cognitive skills.

Ectopia Lentis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Ectopia Lentis Genetics Condition Inheritance Pattern Gene Marfan Syndrome Autosomal Dominant FBN1 Simple Ectopia Lentis Autosomal Dominant FBN1 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (classical type) Autosomal Dominant COL5A1 and COL5A2

EDTA for Corneal Chelation

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-08T19:24:39+00:00

EDTA for Corneal Chelation a.k.a. disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, N2EDTA chelation agent for removing corneal calcium deposits Preparation method 1 * 0.3 ml sterile water injected into a lavender top, 3.0 ml K2-EDTA BD Vacutainer CBC tube (each tube has 5.4 mg K2-EDTA)

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) Main Features * Group of heritable connective tissue disorders * tissue fragility * hypermobility * skin and joint hyperextensibility Eye Findings * Floppy eyelids * Ptosis 32% * Infraorbital creases 30%

Electronegative ERG

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T22:20:24+00:00

ddx erg Electronegative ERG * Loss of “b” wave in a dark adapted mixed rod-cone response from AAO EyeWiki ERG Possible Causes * CSNB (Oguchi’s) * CRVO / acute CRAO * X-linked retinoschisis * Siderosis * Myotonic dystrophy * Duschenne muscular dystrophy * Batten disease * Quinine toxicity / methanol toxicity

Elmiron® (pentosan polysulfate sodium)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Elmiron® (pentosan polysulfate sodium) The purpose of this letter is to inform you of an important safety update relating to ELMIRON® capsules, which is indicated for the relief of bladder pain or discomfort associated with interstitial cystitis (IC).1

Procedures to Enhance Excyclotorsion

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Procedures to Enhance Excyclotorsion * Oblique Surgery * Superior Oblique Tenotomy * weakens incyclotorsion effects of the superior oblique muscle * also treats vertical deviations and causes esoshift shift in down-gaze * Superior Oblique Tenotomy: Indications and Complications. Scott, Jampolsky and Redmond * Surgery of the Superior Oblique Scott and Kraft *

Procedures to Enhance Incyclotorsion

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-06T04:00:40+00:00

Procedures to Enhance Incyclotorsion * Oblique Muscles * Superior Oblique Tuck * Harada-Ito Procedure * Inferior Oblique Nasal Transposition * Vertical Rectus Muscles * Superior Rectus * Temporal Shift * Resection (small effect) * Inferior Rectus * [Nasal Shift] * Recession (small effect unless muscle is tight, e.g. Graves Disease)

Episcleritis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Episcleritis * Self-limited inflammation of the episcleral layers (loose connective tissue layers with a vascular plexus between the conjunctiva and the sclera that are contiguous with Tenon's capsule) * Female Adults more common than Male adults and both more common than in children

Esotropia: Binocular Surgery (Wright)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Esotropia: Binocular Surgery (Wright) (From Kenneth W. Wright MD) Bilateral Medial Rectus Recessions or Bilateral Lateral Rectus Resections Angle BMRc-or- BLRs* 15 3.0 mm 3.5 mm 20 3.5 mm 4.5 mm 25 4.0 mm 5.5 mm

Esotropia Binocular Surgery Plan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-08T05:09:17+00:00

Esotropia Binocular Surgery Plan AngleBMRcplus LRsBLRs*12-153 mm-3.5 mm16-203.5 mm-4.5 mm21-254 mm-5.5 mm26-304.5 mm-6 mm31-355 mm-6.5 mm36-405.5 mm-7 mm41-456 mm-7.5 mm46-506.5 mm-8 mm51-557 mm--51-555 mm5 mm-56-605 mm6 mm-61-655 mm7 mm- “plus LRs

Esotropia: Monocular Surgery (Wright)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Esotropia: Monocular Surgery (Wright) (From Kenneth W. Wright MD) AngleMRc -and-LRs153.0 mm3.5 mm203.5 mm4.0 mm254.0 mm5.0 mm304.5 mm5.5 mm355.0 mm6.0 mm405.5 mm6.5 mm506.0 mm7.0 mm606.5 mm7.5 mm707.0 mm8.0 mm MRc = Medial rectus recession LRs = Lateral rectus resection

Esotropia Monocular Surgery Plan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-05T22:35:06+00:00

Esotropia Monocular Surgery Plan AngleMRcLRs153.0 mm4.0 mm203.5 mm5.0 mm254.0 mm6.0 mm304.5 mm7.0 mm355.0 mm7.0 mm405.0 mm8.0 mm>40See congenital ET plan or binocular ET surgery plan MRc= Medical rectus recession LRs= Lateral rectus resection strabismus_surgery strabismus_tables

Esotropia: Recess/Resect Table (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Esotropia: Recess/Resect Table (W. Scott) (From William E. Scott MD) AngleMRcLRs153.0 mm4.0 mm203.5 mm5.0 mm254.0 mm6.0 mm304.5 mm7.0 mm35-405.0 mm8.0 mm>40See congenital ET plan MRc= Medical rectus recession LRs= Lateral rectus resection strabismus_surgery strabismus_tables bill_scott

Esotropia Surgical Doses (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Esotropia Surgical Doses (W. Scott) (From William E. Scott MD- also used for the Prism Adaptation Treatment trial) Angle BMRc LRs 12-15 3.0 mm - 16-20 3.5 mm - 21-25 4.0 mm - 26-30 4.5 mm - 31-35

Euthyroid Graves Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Euthyroid Graves Disease * Symptoms of Thyroid Eye Disease present * Normal levels of: * Free T4 * Free T3 * Thyroid Stimulating Hormone * Elevated but equal levels of TSH receptor antibodies: * Stimulating TSH receptor antibodies

Evaluation of Childhood Nystagmus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-27T18:26:30+00:00

Evaluation of Childhood Nystagmus FIXME Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome Acquired Nystagmus in Childhood less than 20% of childhood nystagmus is acquired, and it carries a significant risk of serious underlying pathology — in one large pediatric ED cohort,

E&M Coding

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T03:07:54+00:00

E&M Coding E&M Worksheet See Telemedicine codes Elements of Medical Decision Making Documentation Must Support 2/3 Elements Element 1 Number and Complexity of Problems Addressed

Exotropia Binocular Surgery (Wright)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Exotropia Binocular Surgery (Wright) (from Kenneth W. Wright MD) AngleBLRcor→BMRs154.0 mmor→3.0 mm205.0 mmor→4.0 mm256.0 mmor→5.0 mm307.0 mmor→5.5 mm357.5 mmor→6.0 mm408.0 mmor→6.5 mm509.0 mm-- BLRc= Bilateral lateral rectus recessions

Exotropia Monocular Surgery (Wright)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Exotropia Monocular Surgery (Wright) (from Kenneth W. Wright MD) Angle LRc MRs 15 4.0 mm 3.0 mm 20 5.0 mm 4.0 mm 25 6.0 mm 4.5 mm 30 6.5 mm 5.0 mm 35 7.0 mm 5.5 mm 40 7.5 mm 6.0 mm 50

Exotropia Surgery 40-80Δ (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Exotropia Surgery 40-80Δ (W. Scott) (from William E. Scott MD) 3 or 4 Muscles Angle BLRc MRs BMRs 40 7 mm 4 mm - 45 7 mm 5 mm - 50 7 mm 6 mm - 55 7 mm - 4 mm 60 7 mm - 5 mm

Exotropia Surgery in an Amblyopic Eye (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Exotropia Surgery in an Amblyopic Eye (W. Scott) (from William E. Scott MD) AngleLRcMRs408 mm7 mm509 mm7 mm6010 mm8 mm7010 mm9 mm8010 mm10 mm LRc= Lateral rectus recession MRs= Medial rectus resection strabismus_surgery strabismus_tables bill_scott

Exotropia Surgery Plan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-06T18:10:15+00:00

Exotropia Surgery Plan Angle BLRc Plus MRs Plus BMRs or→ BMRs or→ LRc MRs 15 4 mm - - or→ 3 mm or→ 4 mm 3 mm 20 5 mm - - or→ 4 mm or→ 5 mm

Exotropia Surgery 15-35Δ (W. Scott)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Exotropia Surgery 15-35Δ (W. Scott) (From William E. Scott MD) Two Muscles AngleBLRcor→LRcMRs 15 4 mm or→ 4 mm 3 mm 20 5 mm or→ 5 mm 4 mm 25 6 mm or→ 6 mm 5 mm 30 7 mm or→ 7 mm 6 mm

Eye Code Definitions and Requirements

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Eye Code Definitions and Requirements * Comprehensive * 92004- new comprehensive eye visit * Definition: Ophthalmological services: medical examination and evaluation with initiation of diagnostic and treatment program; comprehensive, new patient, one or more visits.

E&M Codes & Eye Codes arranged by CMS reimbursement

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-29T14:21:44+00:00

E&M Codes & Eye Codes arranged by CMS reimbursement New Return CPT Code 2021 Office Based Payment Description CPT Code 2021 Office Based Payment

Eye Drops

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T03:00:04+00:00

Eye Drops * Look up any OTC eye drop FDA Eye Drop Recall October 2023 Retailer/ Label Product Product Information CVS Health

Eyelash Poliosis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-26T19:12:21+00:00

Eyelash Poliosis Causes * Idiopathic- diagnosis of exclusion * Vitiligo * acquired pigmentary disorder of skin and hair with depigmented skin patches * frequently associated with other autoimmune conditions. * Chronic blepharitis * Post-inflammatory change from atopic or contact dermatitis especially if there is a history of eczema or dermatitis involving the periocular region.

Facial Nerve Palsy in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-26T19:14:36+00:00

Facial Nerve Palsy in Children Associations * Bells palsy * Moëbius syndrome * Trauma * Goldenhar syndrome Surgical Treatment * Supratarsal Platinum Weight (Richard Allen MD PhD) * Tarsorrhaphy * Medial by Richard Allen MD PhD * Lateral by Richard Allen MD PhD ddx

Facio-Digito-Genital Dysplasia Syndrome (Aarskog Syndrome)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Facio-Digito-Genital Dysplasia Syndrome (Aarskog Syndrome) Main Features * Short stature * brachydactyly * shawl scrotum Eye Findings * Hypertelorism (90%) * Ptosis (50%) * Downslanting palpebral fissures * Strabismus * Hyperopic astigmatism

Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (EVR)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:42:33+00:00

Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (EVR) aka. Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) A disorder characterized by incomplete development of retinal vasculature. There is a wide variety of clinical appearances and severity but the pathology is the result of retinal ischemia. The disease is characterized by the development of hyper permeable blood vessels, neovascularization, vitreoretinal traction, retinal folds and retinal detachments.

Flax Seed Oil

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Flax Seed Oil 1 TSP every day: Bareleans Flax Straberry Smoothie on Amazon drugs

Fluorescein for Ocular Angiography

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Fluorescein for Ocular Angiography Drug Preparations * Fluorescite 10% for injection in single use 5ml vials (Alcon Inc) * FDA information * Package Insert * AK-Fluor 10% (Akorn) * 100 mg/ml in 5 ml single vials * Info from Company * Package Insert * AK-Fluor 25% (Akorn) * 250 mg/ml in 2 ml single vials

Foveal Hypoplasia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-02T19:35:07+00:00

Foveal Hypoplasia * Lack of formation of the foveal depression * Foveal plana = absent foveal pit * associated with poor vision and nystagmus Ocular Associations * Aniridia (PAX6) * Achromatopsia * Congenital retinal macrovessel * Coloboma

Fragile X Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-01T21:52:33+00:00

Fragile X Syndrome Main Features * Intellectual disability (most common cause of inherited disability) * Global developmental delay * Autism Eye Findings * Refractive Error (17%) * Myopia * Astigmatism * Strabismus (8%) * Esotropia

Fresnel Prism Rotation Guide

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-28T18:53:06+00:00

Fresnel Prism Rotation Guide [Fresnel Prism Rotation Guide: Download PDF] Power/Axis Chart Horizontal Deviation (PD)

Frontalis Flap for Ptosis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:58:59+00:00

Frontalis Flap for Ptosis FIXME Frontalis Flap for Upper Eyelid Ptosis Repair from Textbook of Efficient Oculofacial Surgery. Lee T, Topple N, Liu CY

FTC Ophthalmic Practice Rules

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-29T19:24:03+00:00

FTC Ophthalmic Practice Rules FTC final rule updated July 26, 2024 Eye Glass Final Rule commentary and explanations

Furosemide for Pediatric Patients

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Furosemide for Pediatric Patients Dosing for IIH * 0.4-0.6 mg/kg/day divided BID Monitoring * Measure at Baseline and ongoing: * Serum BUN, Creatinine, Potassium * Other tests to consider * CO2, Sodium * CBC, Platelets * Liver function tests

Gabapentin

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Gabapentin Adverse Effects Cardiovascular * Common (1% to 10%): Peripheral edema, vasodilation, hypertension * Rare (less than 0.1%): Atrial fibrillation, heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, ventricular extrasystoles, bradycardia, premature atrial contraction, pericardial rub, heart block, pericardial effusion, pericarditis

Genetic Testing for Pediatric Cataract

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-01T19:06:02+00:00

Genetic Testing for Pediatric Cataract Commercial Gene Panels Prevention Genetics * 18 months to 35 years * Non-congenital bilateral cataracts * 66 genes including cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) * Cost: Free * Mirum Pharmaceuticals / Prevention Genetics Site cataract

Globe size and Axial Eye Length Development

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Globe size and Axial Eye Length Development * Neonatal axial eye length: 16 mm * Majority of increase in axial length occurs in first 18 months * Infantile growth phase (2-5 years) 1.1 mm * Juvenile phase: (5-13 years) 1.3 mm * Normal adult axial axial length: 23 mm

GM1 Gangliosidosis Type II (Juvenile Type)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

GM1 Gangliosidosis Type II (Juvenile Type) (Derry Disease) Main Features * Slowly progressive generalized neurodegneration and mild skeletal changes * Locomotor ataxia usually first sign, followed by progressive psychomotor deterioration and seizures

GM1 Gangliosidosis Type 1 (Severe Infantile Type)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

GM1 Gangliosidosis Type 1 (Severe Infantile Type) (Caffey Pseudo-Hurler Syndrome, Familial Neuorvisceral Lipidosis) Main Features * Infancy onset neurodegernation and skeletal abnormalities * Hypotonia, seizures, dysmorphism, organomegaly * Rapid psychomotor deterioration starting around 6 months old

GM2 Gangliosidosis Type I (Tay-Sachs disease)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

GM2 Gangliosidosis Type I (Tay-Sachs disease) Main Features * Child becomes apathetic, hypotonic and sensitive to sound (abnormal startle reflex) * Progressive neurological deterioration and seizures followed by paralysis, dementia and blindness

Goldenhar Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-14T01:30:10+00:00

Goldenhar Syndrome a.k.a oculo-auriculo-vetebral spectrum Main Features * Anomalies of structures derived from the first and second bronchial arches * Hemifacial microsomia (facial asymmetry due to underdevelopment of the mandible and associated tissues)

Guidelines for Automated Preschool Vision Screening

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-01T19:50:08+00:00

Guidelines for Automated Preschool Vision Screening Failure Criteria for Refractive Amblyopia Risk Factors Age, months Astigmatism (D) Hyperopia (D) Anisometropia (D) Myopia (D) 12-30 > 2.0 >4.5 >2.5

Guidelines for Prescribing Glasses in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-01T19:26:57+00:00

Guidelines for Prescribing Glasses in Children Preschool-Aged Children Condition Refractive Errors Age < 1 year Age 1-2 Years Age 2-3 years

HADD Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

HADD Syndrome Hypotonia Ataxia, Delayed Development Syndrome AKA: EBF3 neurodevelopmental disorder (EBF3-NDD) Main Features * Intellectual disability * Microcephaly * Speech delay * mainly expressive speech delay * dysarthria * Gait or truncal ataxia

Harada-Ito Procedure

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Harada-Ito Procedure Purpose * Strengthen Incylotorsion effect of the Superior Oblique without affecting vertical alignment * Most useful with a functioning superior oblique and excyclotorsion present * Can create 10-15 degrees of incyclotorsion

Hemangioma Treatment

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Hemangioma Treatment Propranolol Dosing Preferred Dosing * 1 mg/kg/d divided BID for 1 week * 1.5 mg/kg/d divided BID for 1 week * 2 mg/kg/d divided BID keep at this dose Common Alternate dosing * 1 mg/kg/d divided TID for 1 week * 1.5 mg/kg/d divided TID for 1 week

Hereditary Optic Neuropathies

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Hereditary Optic Neuropathies Etiology/Pathophysiology * exact pathophysiology unknown, mitochondrial dysfunction thought to play a part Signs/Symptoms * symmetric, bilateral, painless, usually permanent, central visual loss * affects papillomacular nerve fiber bundle

Hermansky-Pudlack Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Hermansky-Pudlack Syndrome Main Features * Lethal subtype of Oculocutaneous albinism * Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism * Skin can be from white to olive * Hair color can be from white to brown * Bleeding diathesis from platelet storage pool deficiency

High Myopia in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-02T19:37:50+00:00

ddx High Myopia in Children Possible Causes * Ocular disease * ROP * Infantile glaucoma * Spherophakia * CSNB * Achromatopsia * Systemic Disease * Down Syndrome * Marfan syndrome * Stickler syndrome * Noonan syndrome * Weill-Marchesani syndrome (associated with microspherophakia)

HNRNPU-related disorder

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

HNRNPU-related disorder Main Features * Developmental Delay especially speech * Seizures Eye Findings * Esotropia 30% Other Findings * Abnormal facial features * Hypotonia * Autism Etiology * Mutations in the HNRNPU gene- 1q44

Horner syndrome and Cocaine

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Horner syndrome and Cocaine Action of Cocaine Cocaine blocks reuptake of norepinepherine that is normally released from nerve endings. In a sympathetic lesion, norepinepherine is not released. Effects of Cocaine on Horner's pupil little or no effect

Horner Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-02T16:27:39+00:00

Horner Syndrome * Sympathetic dysfunction to the eye * Sympathetic innervation * Clinical features: * Anisocoria worse in dim light, smaller pupil doesn't dilate well (dilation lag) * Mild ptosis in the smaller pupil * Anhydrosis on the affected side

How to Test Vision with an Iowa Driver's License

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:19:26+00:00

How to Test Vision with an Iowa Driver's License * Hold the license 16 inches from the eyes * Use best correction: bifocals or reading glasses * Snellen Equivalents: * IOWA- 20/160 * Name and Address - 20/50 * Small serial number - 20/32

Illinois Blind Services

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Illinois Blind Services * IDHS/DRS' Bureau of Blind Services Central Office: * 217-785-3887 (V/TTY) * 217-524-1235 (FAX) Illinois Department of Human Services Web Pages Other Resources * Central Illinois Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired * Illinois Chapter of Parents of Blind Children * Eliza Ellett Ph: 847-530-9809, elizaellett@yahoo.com

Illinois Vision Screening Form

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Illinois Vision Screening Form forms

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors * [Ocular Toxicity Guidelines] drugs

Inbox Linking in Epic

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Inbox Linking in Epic [Inbox Linking Tutorial] epic

Incontientia Pigmenti

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Incontientia Pigmenti (Block-Sulzberger Syndrome) Main Features * Involves skin, brain and eyes * X-Linked dominant, usually lethal to males * Skin normal at birth but erythema and bullae develop in first few days of life usually on extremities

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pages * 1p36 Deletion Syndrome * 22q11.2 Distal Deletion Syndrome * AAO Surgery Prioritization Strategy: CPT Codes for Typical Ophthalmic Procedures * Aase-Smith Syndrome * AC/A Ratio * Achromatopsia * Acrochordon * Action of Extraocular Muscles from Primary Position * Actions of Extraocular Muscles with Strabismus * Acyclovir * Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum * Aicardi Syndrome * Alagille Syndrome * Albinism * Alexander's Law * Anesthesia Guidelines (UIHC) * Angelman Syndrome …

Infant Vital Signs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Infant Vital Signs AgeHeart Rate (beats/minBlood Pressure (mm Hg)Respiratory Rate (breaths/min)Premature120-17055-75/35-4540-700-3 months100-15065-85/45-5535-553-6 months90-12070-90/50-6530-456-12 months80-12080-100/55-6525-401-3 years70-11090-105/55-70

Inferior Oblique Palsy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Inferior Oblique Palsy Surgery * Surgical Anatomy of the Inferior oblique insertion References [ Inferior Oblique Palsy: Diagnosis and Management by William Scott and David Dries in Clinical Strabismus Management Chapter 16. p 230-236]

Inferior Oblique Surgical Anatomy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Inferior Oblique Surgical Anatomy [From Clinical Strabismus Management p.450] strabismus_surgery

Pediatric Intermediate Uveitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pediatric Intermediate Uveitis Causes * Most are idiopathic * Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis common * Infections * Lyme disease (antibody test) * toxocariasis (antibody test) * syphilis (antibody test) * HTLV-1 (antibody test) *

Intermittent Exotropia Office Control Score

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-18T18:26:16+00:00

Intermittent Exotropia Office Control Score Adapted from Mohoney BG. Holmes JM. An office-based scale for assessing control in intermittent exotropia. Strabismus 2006;14:147-150 * Observe the child: * for 30 seconds when fixating at distance object * if exotropia noted score will be 5, 4 or 3. * Repeat observation with near fixation target for 30 seconds.

Interocular Measurements

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Interocular Measurements OCD: Outer Canthal Distance IPD: InterPupillary Distance ICD: Inner Canthal Distance PFL: Palpebral Fissure Length Outer Canthal Distance InterPupillary Distance Inner Canthal Distance Palpebral Fissure Length

IOL Measurements

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-06-04T04:00:54+00:00

IOL Measurements Alcon Lens Optic Size (mm) Optic type Length (mm) Haptic Angulation Diopter Range A-Constant

Intravitreal Injection of Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:33:29+00:00

Intravitreal Injection of Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma Indications * Vitreous Seeding * Recalcitrant subretinal and retinal tumors Drugs * Melphalan hydrochloride * use 50 mg lypohilized powder for IV injection * 0.25-0.3 mg per 0.5 ml

IOL Calculators

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-07T01:40:45+00:00

IOL Calculators * SRK/T at eyecalcs.com * Barrett Universal II * Kane Forumla * SRK/T at EyeCalc.org cataract calculator

IOP correction for Central Corneal Thickness

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

IOP correction for Central Corneal Thickness Central Corneal Thickness (μm) Correction Value (mmHg) 410 +10 415 +10 420

Iowa Drivers Licence Vision Requirements

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Iowa Drivers Licence Vision Requirements Unrestricted * VA 20/40 or better in best eye * 140 degrees of binocular visual field Vision Report from Vision Specialist * Online * [Iowa vision Report from Vision Specialist] * For those without known or suspected vision loss visual fields are usually at least 80 degrees temporal and 50 degrees nasal in each eye.

Iowa Vision Screening Certificate

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Iowa Vision Screening Certificate [Certificate] forms

Genetics of Iris Color

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-07T20:21:03+00:00

Genetics of Iris Color FIXME * Eye color is determined by the presence and degree of melanin pigment in the iris * The degree of pigmentation is a polygenic trait Genes responsible for iris pigmentation OCA2 * 75% of variance is from the OCA2 gene(chromosome 15)

Iris Heterochromia (ddx)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-06T18:53:31+00:00

Iris Heterochromia (ddx) * Benign idiopathic heterchromia (most common) * genetic mosaicism or developmental variation * Ocular melanocytosis * Iris Nevus * Iris Melanoma * Iris Atrophy * Trauma * Fuchs' heterochomic iridocyclitis

Iris Melanoma

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Iris Melanoma Risk Factors for Iris nevus transformation to Iris melanoma * “ABCDEF” (Carol Shields) * AGE < 40 years * Blood (hyperemia) * Clock hours inferior * Diffuse configuration * Ectropion * Feathery margins * Other risk factors

Iris Pigment Epithelial Cysts

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Iris Pigment Epithelial Cysts AKA “Iris Flocculi” Systemic Associations * ACTA2 mutation and MYH11 mutations associated with Iris pigment epithelial cysts and dissecting aortic aneuryism * J Shields reported ~ 1% risk * Shields JA, Magrath G, Shields CL, MacKool R, Eagle RC, Grossniklaus H. Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm 55 Years after Diagnosis of Iris Flocculi. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2016;2:222-5

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis- Screening Schedule

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis- Screening Schedule Uveitis Screening Schedule for children and adolescents TypeANAAge at Onset (y)Duration of Dz (y)RiskNext Exam (m)Oligo or polyarthritis+≤ 6≤ 4High3Oligo or polyarthritis+≤ 6> 4Moderate6Oligo or polyarthritis

Joubert Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T23:26:30+00:00

Joubert Syndrome Main Features * Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia or aplasia * episodic tachypnea (“panting like a dog”) and apnea in infancy * jerky eye movements, hypotonia, developmental delay Eye Findings * Ocular Motor Abnormalities

Kabuki Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-17T00:47:21+00:00

Kabuki Syndrome Main Features * Distinctive facial features * long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lateral 1/3 of lower eyelid * arched and broad eyebrows often with sparsness laterally * short columella with depressed nasal tip

KBG Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:29:58+00:00

KBG Syndrome Main Features * Dental, Developmental, Skeletal and Craniofacial abnormalities Eye Findings * Strabismus 22% * Refractive Errors * Astigmatism 27% * Hyperopia 20% * Myopia 15% Other Findings * Etiology * ANKRD11 mutations or delation of 16q24.3

Kenny-Caffey Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-06-03T18:56:08+00:00

Kenny-Caffey Syndrome Main Features * Short stature, hypoparathyroidism, skeletal defects Eye Findings * Refractive * hyperopia, myopia,astigmatism * Anterior Segment * corneal opacity, keratopathy, cataracts * Posterior Segment

Kestenbaum Procedure for Nystagmus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Kestenbaum Procedure for Nystagmus Illustrated for a RIGHT face turn (Eyes are in left gaze- you want to move eyes to the right) TypeDegree Face Turn Left Eye Right Eye Recess LRResect MRRecess MRResect LRClassic<207 mm6 mm5 mm8 mmParks309 mm

Knapp Procedure

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Knapp Procedure * Described by Phil Knapp, MD PDF * Transposition of horizontal rectus muscle upwards to near the insertion of the superior rectus muscle * It is used in monocular elevation deficiency * most effective when the inferior rectus is not tight

Laser Maculopathy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T22:36:39+00:00

Laser Maculopathy subfoveal disruption of the ellipsoid zone

Leber Congenital Amaurosis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-25T18:19:56+00:00

Leber Congenital Amaurosis First described in 1869 by Theodore Leber. Main Features * Congenital or Early infancy non-syndromic retinal blindness * Searching nystagmus * Abnormal pupil reponses * “oculodigital sign”- digital eye pressure to induce retinal response

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Treatment * RHODOS - Rescue of Hereditary Optic Disease Outpatient Study): Eighty-five patients with one of the three primary LHON mutations and onset of symptoms within the last five years were randomized to receive 300mg of idebenone three times a day for 24 weeks, or placebo. Though the study did not reach its primary endpoint, best recovery in visual acuity, post hoc analysis revealed improvement in visual acuity seen particularly in those individuals wi…

Lectures

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-14T00:07:31+00:00

Lectures Pre-Recorded Video * Binocular Vision by Scott Larson * Video Part 1 * Video Part 2 * Entire Lecture Video * Handout * Exotropia by Scott Larson * Video Part 1 * Video Part 2 * Entire Lecture * Handout * Pediatric Primary Intraocular Tumors by Scott Larson * Video * Handout PDF, PowerPoint and Keynote Strabismus

Lenses for photosensitive epilepsy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-13T19:08:48+00:00

Lenses for photosensitive epilepsy Zeiss Clarlet Z1 (F133) blue lenses * Blue tinted lenses (filter red light) have the most research support * 610 patients in a large study had Z1 lenses abolish the EEG light response in 75% and reduced in additional 18% and unchanged in 6%

Lens tinting for headache

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-01T19:21:44+00:00

Lens tinting for headache FIXME FL-41 * reduction of photophobia and headache in people with migraine headaches * fMRI studies show decreased light-evoked activation in areas associated with pain processing (somatosensory cortex, insula and anterior cingulate cortex)

Intraocular Lenses at St. Luke's Meridian Hospital

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-21T15:22:39+00:00

Intraocular Lenses at St. Luke's Meridian Hospital * Alcon Clareon Pre-loaded +9.5 to +30 in half diopters * Alcon MA60AC +9.5 to +30 in half diopters cataract

Leukocoria

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

ddx Leukocoria Possible Causes * Media Opacity * Cataract * Uveitis * Organizing vitreous hemorrhage * Congenital Malformations * Persistent Fetal Vasculature * Coloboma * Congenital Retinal Fold * Retinal Dysplasia * Retinal Disease

Lights On-Off Test

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-21T05:42:58+00:00

Lights On-Off Test a.k.a. Small field central fusion test * This test is useful in the setting of diplopia in the presence of a dragged fovea causing diplopia giving central-peripheral rivalry * Use a single white letter on a black monitor about 20/70 in size

X-Linked Retinoschisis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T22:26:46+00:00

X-Linked Retinoschisis * Mild to severe reduction in visual acuity * Splitting of retinal layers * cystoid-like changes in macula * peripheral schesis cavities * electronegative ERG * Typically presents in 1st decade and often relatively stable until 6th decade

Low Vision Devices

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Low Vision Devices eSight 4

Macular Cystoid Changes in a Child

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T22:15:11+00:00

Macular Cystoid Changes in a Child Hereditary Retinal Diseases * Retinitis Pigmentosa * Enhanced S-Cone / Goldmann-Favre syndrome (NR2E3 or NRL genes) * X-Linked Retinoschisis (RS1 gene) * CRB1 gene mutations Others * Medication toxicity * Niacin * Vagogenic

How to Make Effective Scientific Presentations

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

How to Make Effective Scientific Presentations * Melissa Marshall * TED talk Talk Nerdy to Me * Website * Michael Alley * Assertion-Evidence Method for Presentations * Download Power Point Template * The Craft of Scientiﬁc Presentations: Critical Steps to Succeed and Critical Errors to Avoid. Second Edition 2013

Marfan Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-28T18:55:46+00:00

Marfan Syndrome FIXME Diagnostic Criteria Ghent Nosology revised 2010 No Family History * Aortic Root Dilatation Z score ≥ 2 AND Ectopia Lentis = Marfan syndrome * The presence of aortic root dilatation (Z-score ≥ 2 when standardized to age and body size) or dissection and ectopia lentis allows the unequivocal diagnosis of Marfan syndrome, regardless of the presence or absence of systemic features

Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-29T18:59:32+00:00

Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome FIXME Gene Reviews syndrome

How To Measure Fusional Amplitudes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

How To Measure Fusional Amplitudes tutorial

How to Measure Torsion

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

How to Measure Torsion tutorial

How to Measure Strabismus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-15T03:42:44+00:00

How to Measure Strabismus * Ensure proper spectacle/contact lens prescription * Use an accommodative target: an object that requires a fixed accommodative effort to resolve * Acuity Chart with optotypes * Scott Fixation Device [ ] * Video with formed images

Meduloepithelioma

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-03-16T16:09:23+00:00

Meduloepithelioma FIXME Ciliary Body Meduloepithelioma a primitive neuroepithelial neoplasm arising from the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, typically diagnosed in young children with an average age of six years.[2] Patients may present with decreased visual acuity, leukocoria, or new strabismus. On examination, findings include a visible retrolental ciliary body mass, cataract with subluxation, and possible secondary glaucoma.[2] Although histologically malignant, distant metastasis and mor…

Megalopapilla

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-15T17:39:15+00:00

Megalopapilla * aka Megalodisc * Congenital anomalous enlarged optic disc area > 2.5 mm² * Not associated with other morphologic anormalities * High prevalence in natives of Marshall Islands * May be unilateral or bilateral * Large optic cup with central pallor given the axons more thinly spread over the disc surface

Melatonin

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Melatonin Dosing * 0.5 to 1 mg in infants * 2.5-3 mg in older children * 5 mg in adolescents * Give 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Recommendations for good sleep hygiene in children * Napping during the day should be avoided * Appropriate dinnertime should be at least 2 hours before bedtime

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy * Hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by a deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ARSA) causing accumulation of sulfatides (a sphingolipid) in white matter * Ccerebroside sulfate is a major lipid component of myelin and in high concentrations causes demyelination

Methotrexate

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Methotrexate Mechanism of Action * Class: Antimetabolite * Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and by so doing, it inhibits cell proliferation * Folate analogue and inhibits dihydrate folate reductase Dosing and route of administration * 7.5 to 25 mg once per week

MiSight Lenses for Myopia Control

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

MiSight Lenses for Myopia Control 3-year Randomized Clinical Trial of MiSight lenses for Myopia Control. Chamberlain P et al. Optometry and Vision Science 2019;96(8):556-567

Möbius Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Möbius Syndrome * Described by Möbius as “Congenital Facial Diplegia” with bilateral abducens palsy in 1888 * Diplegia= symmetrical bilateral palsy Cause * Pathogenesis is unclear * Deletion/translocation in long arm of chromosome 13 in a few families

Molluscum contagiosum

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Molluscum contagiosum * A pox virus that infects children frequently * Usually self limited but can become persistent * If involves the eyelid can lead to conjunctivitis and keratitis * Most treatments for non-periocular infections involve toxic substances that are not ideal for eyelid skin or inadvertent contact with ocular surface

Monarch IOL Cartridge Sizes and Lenses

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Monarch IOL Cartridge Sizes and Lenses Cartridge Cartridge tip Size Handpiece Lens Model A 3.2 mm

Morning Glory Disc

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:14:21+00:00

Morning Glory Disc a.k.a Morning Glory anomaly Appearance Large optic nerve with dysplasia and filled with glial tissue. The nerves emanate from the disc margin in straight lines Resembles the Morning Glory Flower Associations * Basal Encephalocele

Moxifloxicin

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Moxifloxicin Moxifloxicin will penetrate the vitreous with q2 topical dosing. Not with qid or in a corneal shield drugs

Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-16T21:27:11+00:00

Neonatal Conjunctivitis Signs/Symptoms * Gonococcal conjunctivitis- hyperacute onset (first 3 days up to 3 weeks of life) with copious, purulent conjunctival discharge * marked eyelid edema * chemosis * Corneal involvement in 33% with corneal ulceration and possible perforation

Neuroanatomy of the Oculomotor System

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-18T19:10:19+00:00

Neuroanatomy of the Oculomotor System Supranuclear Pathways * Frontal Eye Fields * Saccades originate here on the contralateral side of the direction of the saccade * Left Frontal eye field generates signal to right pons for horizontal saccades and

Neuroblastoma

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Neuroblastoma * 2-3% of patients with neuroblastoma have opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome * 50% of those with opsoclonus have neuroblastoma * Children with or without tumors cannot be distinguished by neurologic symptoms Associated symptoms * Myoclonus

Neurofibromatosis type I

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Neurofibromatosis type I Diagnostic Criteria Two or More of the following * 6 or more café-au-lait spots * >5 mm in greatest diameter prepubertal children * >15 mm in greatest diameter in postpubertal individuals * Axillary or inguinal

Create a New Page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Create a New Page

Newborn Metabolic Disease Screening

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Newborn Metabolic Disease Screening * Iowa Newborn Screening syndrome

NGLY1 Deficiency

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

NGLY1 Deficiency * Global developmental delay * Intellectual diability * Hypotonia * Hypo- or alacrima Eye Findings * Hypolacrima (83%) * Incomplete or abnormal blink (73%) * Optic disc abnormalities (73%) * Peripapillary atrophy, cupping

Nishida Procedure

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Nishida Procedure Technique for treating abducens nerve palsy Reference Jpn J Ophthalmol 2003;47:281-286 Full Text PubMed strabismus_surgery

Non-Accidental Trauma in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Non-Accidental Trauma in Children * Causes of Retinal Hemorrhages in Children * [Work Flow for Non-Accidental Trauma Consultation (word doc)] | [pdf]

Noonan Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:17:33+00:00

Noonan Syndrome Main Features * Highly variable but most have short stature, mild intellectual disability or developmental delay and * Characteristic faces * High forehead * depressed nasal bridge * low-set posteriorly rotated ears with fleshy helices

Ocular Complications from Chemotherapeutic Agents

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:59:37+00:00

Ocular Complications from Chemotherapeutic Agents MEK inhibitors * Selumetinib, Binimetinib, Trametinib, Cobimetinib * Blurred vision, diplopia, eyelid edema, subconjunctival hemorrhage, increased lacrimation * Retinal pigment epithelial detachment, Central serous-like retinopathy

Ocular Myasthenia Gravis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Ocular Myasthenia Gravis Clinical Features * Triad: Ptosis, Oculomotor paresis and Obicularis oculi weakness * Ptosis may be unilateral or bilateral * Alternating ptosis is specific for this condition * Eyelid fatigue * Ptosis worsens with prolonged upgaze or upon return to primary gaze

Ocular Surface Staining Score

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Ocular Surface Staining Score Two methods of determining the extent and severity of ocular surface dryness in keratoconjunctivitis sicca often used to diagnose Sjögren Syndrome van Bijsterveld Score Ocular Staining Score Source: [Rasmussen et. al. 2019 Reproducibility of Ocular Surface Stating in the Assessment of Sjögren Syndrome]

Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Ocular Toxoplasmosis * Caused by Toxoplasma gondii * Obligate intracellular protozoan * 500 million have antibodies worldwide * 50% of adult population in US have asymptomatic infection * 28-55% of all cases of posterior uveitis * First isolated from the brain of a

Ocular Tumor Ultrasound Characteristics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Ocular Tumor Ultrasound Characteristics * Choroidal Melanoma- low to moderate internal reflectivity * Choroidal Hemangioma- high internal reflectivity * Metastatic lesion- variable internal reflectivity * Choroidal hemorrhage- low reflectivity if liquid

Ocular Ultrasound Exam Techniques

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-14T22:26:45+00:00

Ocular Ultrasound Exam Techniques FIXME B-Scan Three probe positions Transverse scan: probe marker oriented either vertically or nasally (depending on position on globe- should always see nerve at the start i.e. when looking at nasal retina probe should be vertically oriented), held at superior, inferior, medial and lateral and rotated as far anterior as possible looking at opposite side of eye

Oculo-Digital Sign

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Oculo-Digital Sign AKA: Oculo-digital phenomenon, Franceschetti-Leber Phenomenon * Repeated pressure applied to the eye by a child with blindness or low vision. * Presumably this pressure creates a phosphene that is interesting to the child. * It is not specific for one particular ocular disease

Oculofacialcardiodental Syndrome (OFCD)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-27T18:46:27+00:00

Oculofacialcardiodental Syndrome (OFCD) Main Features * Congenital Cataracts * Cleft Palate * Distinctive faces with long narrow face * Congenital Heart Defects * Dental anomalies * radiculomegaly * oligodontia Eye Findings * Congenital Cataracts

Okur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-22T17:08:22+00:00

Okur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome Main Features * Delayed language development * Delayed motor development * Intellectual disability Eye Findings * Infrequently strabismus Other Findings Feature

Opsoclonus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Opsoclonus Description Involuntary, chaotic bursts of multidirectional, high-amplitude saccadic movements. There is no intersaccadic interval, are not rhythmical and have long silent periods followed by bursts of eye movement. “Ocular flutter”

Optic Disc Area Calculator

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:54:27+00:00

Optic Disc Area Calculator Click here for calculator Test Procedure 1. Obtain the Heidelberg Spectralis optic nerve report. The report must show an image of the optic nerve head and the superimposed peripapillary ring where peripapillary segmentation was performed.

Optic Disc Area

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-11T22:23:18+00:00

Optic Disc Area * Disc Area remains largely stable throughout life but there are ethnic variations * Normal mean disc area is 2.27 mm² (st. dev ±0.412) Distribution of Disc Area from Marsh et al. 2010 Variation in Disc Area by Ethnicity from Girkin et al. 2011

Optic Nerve Drusen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Optic Nerve Drusen Etiology Testing Fundus Auto Fluorescence -From Johanna Dijkstal Beebe, MD “The Optic Nerve is Swollen, but Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer is Thin” AAO 2024 CT Scan -From Johanna Dijkstal Beebe, MD “The Optic Nerve is Swollen, but Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer is Thin

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:21:54+00:00

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia * Abnormally small optic nerve head * Congenital decrease optic nerve fibers Septo Optic Dysplasia - any combination of optic nerve hypoplasia, pituitary gland hypoplasia and midline brain abnormalities Epidemology *

Optic Nerve Drusen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-14T02:14:57+00:00

Optic Nerve Drusen FIXME Testing

Optical Coherence Tomography

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:05:28+00:00

Optical Coherence Tomography Spectral Domain OCT of the Fovea Cirrus OCT by Carl Zeiss Medictec, Inc. [Cirrus OCT Interpretation of Retinal Layers] Spectralis OCT by Heidelberg Atlas of OCT- Retinal Anatomy in Health & Pathology by Neal A. Adams, MD

Opitz Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Opitz Syndrome AKA. Oculi-genito-laryngeal syndrome, BBB/G compound syndrome Main Features * Defects in midline structures * Telecanthus (wide spaced eyes) * Hypospadius * Cleft lip or palate (25%) Eye Findings * Telecanthus / Hypertelorism

Optometric Vision Therapy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T22:10:37+00:00

Optometric Vision Therapy FIXME Resources * Fricke TR et al. Does vision therapy for visual information processing improve academic performance? A randomised clinical trial. Ophthalmic Psysiol Opt. 2023;46(6):1326-1336

Optotype-Frame Test

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-12T18:50:36+00:00

Optotype-Frame Test * Developed by Jonathan Holmes to detect central-peripheral rivalry-type diplopia Test sequence * Patient fixates on a isolated optotype on an illuminated monitor at 3 meters * Use 20/40 sized optotype for those with VA 20/40 or better

Orbital Cellulitis in Children

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Orbital Cellulitis in Children University of Iowa Stead Family Children’s Hospital Pediatric Orbital (Post-Septal) Cellulitis Guidelines Objective This document was created by a multidisciplinary effort among pediatric providers with the goal of providing condition/disease-specific care recommendations based on best available scientific evidence and/or consensus-based institutional recommendations. It is intended to reduce practice variation and improve the quality and safety of delivered car…

Orkambi

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Orkambi (lumacaftor/ivacaftor) * Drug used in the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis * transmembrane conductance regulator potentiator * Approved for ages 2 and older * Review Article Cataracts with Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor * Cataracts were found in juvenile rats in pre-clinical toxicology studies

Pediatric Panuveitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-02T20:01:42+00:00

Pediatric Panuveitis Causes * Infections * Infectious Endophthalmitis (bacterial) * Cysticercosis * Leptospirosis * Lyme Disease * Onchocerciasis * Syphilis * Tuberculosis * Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis * Sarcoidosis * Subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome (SFU)

Park's Three Step Test

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-22T20:23:54+00:00

Park's Three Step Test * Parks Three Step Calculator * Explanation PowerPoint * Explanation PDF

Pars Plana Sclerotomy Site in Pediatric Eyes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pars Plana Sclerotomy Site in Pediatric Eyes AgeDistance from Limbus0-6 months1.5 mm6-12 months2.0 mm1-2 years2.5 mm2-3 years3.0 mm3 + years3.5 mm Source: * Lemley CA, Han DP. An Age-Based Method for Planning Sclerotomy Placement During Pediatric Vitrectomy: A 12-Year Experience. Retina, 2007; 27(7); 974-77.

Patching in Congenital Unilateral Cataract

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Patching in Congenital Unilateral Cataract Dr. William E. Scott Recommendations * First two months of Life: 50% time * 2-7 months of life: 75% time * 7 months until subjective VA measured 100% (Full time occlusion) * Stable Vision to Visual Maturity: 50% Time with 100% time as needed

Patient Handouts

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T01:52:28+00:00

Patient Handouts * AAPOS Eye Terms/conditions Webpage * AAPOS Eye Terms for printing * Lacricath Brochure * Luminopia * Luminopia Brochure * What is a Pediatric Ophthalmologist?

Patient Resources for Understanding Exotropia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Patient Resources for Understanding Exotropia General Information * AAPOS Exotropia article (General Information) * AAO Eye Wiki Exotropia * EyeRounds Major Review by Rahul Bhola, MD Treatment Videos * Lateral Rectus Recession by Scott Larson, MD Studies * Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group Studies for Exotropia * A randomized trial comparing two common surgeries * A randomized trial comparing part-time patching vs observation in children 3-10 years old * A rando…

Pediatric Cataract Surgery Suggested Residual Refraction

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pediatric Cataract Surgery Suggested Residual Refraction Age Suggested Residual Refraction <1.9 months +10 D 2.0-3.9 months +9 D 4.0-5.9 months +8 D

Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) Pediatric IIH Definition and Causes Proposed Criteria for Diagnosis (Prepubertal) * General Signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure or Optic disc edema * Elevated CSF pressure in lateral decubitus position

Pediatric Optic Neuritis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-03-23T19:11:25+00:00

Pediatric Optic Neuritis FIXME * The manifestation of acute demyelinating disease involving the optic nerve with signs and symptoms of optic neuropathy * May be isolated or part of an underlying neurologic disease References * Update on Pediatric Optic Neuritis. Gise RA, Heidary G. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2020;20:4.

Pediatric Posterior Uveitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pediatric Posterior Uveitis Causes Noninfectious * Systemic Autoimmunity Syndromes * Sarcoidosis * Familial Juvenile Systemic Granulomatosis * Behçet Disease * Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome (TINU) * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) * Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitides * Predominantly Ocular Diseases

Peri-Operative Medication Management

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-09T03:30:57+00:00

Peri-Operative Medication Management Cardiovascular and Hypertensive Medication * Beta Blockers- continue through surgery * Alpha 2 Blockers (clonidine)- continue through surgery * Calcium Channel Blockers- continue through surgery * Diuretics

PHACES Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

PHACES Syndrome Characteristics * Posterior fossa abnormalities, and other brain abnormalities * Hemangiomas- usually large on the face, can be anywhere in on the face or neck * Arterial cerebrovascular anomalies * Cardiac defects, aortic coarctation and other abnormalities

Phakomatoses

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T23:37:05+00:00

Phakomatoses (a.k.a. Systemic Harmatomatoses) * Tuberous Sclerosis Complex * Neurofibromatosis Type 1 * Neurofibromatosis Type 2 * Von Hippel-Lindeau Syndrome (Retinocerebellar Hemangiomatosis) * Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalofacial Hemangiomatosis) * Phakomatosis Pigmentovascularis

Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Screening Procedures

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:55:47+00:00

Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Screening Procedures Risk * Risk increases in the following: * After 5 years of use * Hydroxycholoroquine Daily dose >5.0mg/kg real weight * Cholorquine Daily dose >2.3 mg/kg real weight * Renal disease- subnormal glomerular filtration rate

Polydactyly and Eye disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Polydactyly and Eye disease * Syndromic polydacyly with eye disease * Bardet-Biedl syndrome * Smith-Lemli-Optiz syndrome * Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly * hypertelorism, telecanthus ddx syndrome

Posterior Reversable Encephalopathy Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Posterior Reversable Encephalopathy Syndrome References Posterior Reversable Encephalopathy Syndrome. NEJM Review 2023

Posterior Uveitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-03T03:08:17+00:00

Posterior Uveitis Causes Chororetinitis with vitritis Infectious * Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) (HSV, VZV, CMV) * Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) * Cysticercosis * Infectious endophthalmitis * Onchocerciasis * Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) * Syphilis * Toxocariasis * Toxoplasmosis * Tuberculosis Inflammation * Birdshot choroidopathy (vitiliginous chorioretinitis) * Multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Prader-Willi Syndrome Main Features * Neonatal * Neonatal hypotonia * Failure to thrive * Genital hypoplasia * Hypopigmentation of the skin, iris, and hair * Childhood * Excessive eating and gradual development of morbid obesity

Pre-Operative NPO Recommendations

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-21T22:19:24+00:00

Pre-Operative NPO Recommendations Minimum Simplified NPO guidelines (excluding medications) for all ages * 2 hours: Clear liquids * clear juice with no pulp, plain jello, black coffee, clear sodas * prefer Ensure Pre-Surgery clear carbohydrate drink of choice

Pre-septal Cellulitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Pre-septal Cellulitis - see entry for Orbital Cellulitis in children Organisms * S.aureus, streptococcus * Heemophilus influenzae in non-immunized children * Anerobes possible if result of human or animal bite * Vesicular rash present- HSV/VZV Treatment

PreOp checklists and Guidelines

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

PreOp checklists and Guidelines * [Opthalmology Surgery Scheduling Checklist] * [ASC Surgery Add Ons] * [NPO guidelines]

Primary Care Eye Exam

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Primary Care Eye Exam AAP Recommendations for Preventative Pediatric Health Visual System Assessment in Infants, Children and Young Adults by Pediatricians Procedures for the Evaluation of the Visual System by Pediatricians

Prism Adaptation for Esotropia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Prism Adaptation for Esotropia * Prism Adaptation Study * Randomized controlled trial * Provides an evidence based paradigm for treatment Candidates * Acquired Esotropia * Partially Accommodative Esotropia * Esotropia with Near > Distance

Prism Diopter to Degree Converter

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-07T02:03:56+00:00

Prism Diopter to Degree Converter Click Here calculator prism

Value of Two Stacked Prisms

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-07T02:49:51+00:00

Value of Two Stacked Prisms The prisms are pointing in the same direction Calculator Click Here Table 1st Prism 2nd Prism 10Δ 20Δ 30Δ 40Δ 50Δ 10Δ 21

Product Catalogs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T01:37:11+00:00

Product Catalogs General * Alcon Labs Suture Catalog * FCI and Katalyst Surgical Instruments Cataract * Alcon IOL Product Catalog * Bausch+Lomb IOL and OVD Catalog * Envista Specifications Sheet Oculoplastics * Lacricath- Quest Medical * FCI Oculoplastics Products Retinal * FCI Vitreoretinal Products

Prominent Corneal Nerves

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

ddx cornea Prominent Corneal Nerves Enlarged Corneal Nerves * Refsum Syndrome * Hansen disease * Acanthamoeba * Neurofibromatosis * Familial dysautonomia * MEN type IIB (Sipple Gorlin Syndrome) More Visible Corneal Nerves * Keratoconus * Ichthyosis

Proportion Converter

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-07T02:18:59+00:00

Proportion Converter Start Converter calculator

Propranolol for Hemangioma: Outpatient Protocol

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Propranolol for Hemangioma: Outpatient Protocol Dosing * 1 mg/kg/d divided BID for 1 week (0.5mg/kg/dose) * 1.5 mg/kg/d divided BID for 1 week (0.75 mg/kg/dose) * 2 mg/kg/d divided BID keep at this dose (1 mg/kg/dose) Other Considerations *

Propranolol

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Propranolol Adverse Effects Cardiovascular Use of a nonselective beta-blocker like propranolol may at least blunt cardiac output in some patients, especially those with preexisting left ventricular systolic dysfunction and during exertion. Data have shown that cardiac conditioning can delay or attenuate this side effect of propranolol.

Prostigmine (Neostigmine)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Prostigmine (Neostigmine) Effects Anticholinesterase drug * Reduces breakdown of Acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase * Reversibly binds to and inactivates acetylcholinesterase * Has less effect on the eye, heart and brain than physostigmine but has more effect on GI tract and bladder

PRR12 Gene Mutations

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-11T18:49:07+00:00

PRR12 Gene Mutations Main Features * Neurodevelopmental impairment * Ocular abnormalities (see below) * Hypotonia Eye Findings * microphthalmia (small eyes) * anophthalmia (absent eyes) * iris coloboma or stellate iris pattern * optic nerve anomalies

Pseudostrabismus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

ddx strabismus Pseudostrabismus Possible Causes * Narrow or wide IPD * Epicanthal folds * Hypertelorism * Facial asymmetry * Twisted glasses giving a prismatic effect * Lid ptosis * Positive or negative angle kappa

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension A.K.A. Pseudotumor Cerebri Diagnostic Criteria Required for diagnosis of the Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome (PTCS) * Papilledema * Normal neurological examination except for cranial nerve abnormalities * Neuro-imaging:

Ptosis in Childhood

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-19T21:43:55+00:00

Ptosis in Childhood FIXME Pharmacologic Treatment * Upneeq (oxymetazoline 0.1%) drops References * Ptosis in childhood:A clinical sign of several disorders. Pavone et al. Medicine (2018) 97:36(e12124)

Reading Mechanics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-09T16:56:17+00:00

Reading Mechanics * Visual/ocular characteristics needed for reading/work * Testing in theses areas needed to assess the visual requirements for reading * This does not include the brain processing needed to accomplish reading comprehension or reading memory.

Relative Potency of Narcotic analgesics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-07T22:15:41+00:00

Relative Potency of Narcotic analgesics Opioid Approximate Equianalgesic Dose (to 10 mg IV Morphine) Relative Potency (vs. Morphine)Morphine 10 mg IV / 30 mg PO 1 Hydromorphone 1.5 mg IV / 7.5 mg PO 6.7 (IV) / 4 (PO)Fentanyl 0.1 mg IV 100 Oxycodone 15–20 mg PO

Relative Potency of Opioids

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-03T22:38:19+00:00

Relative Potency of Opioids ANALGESICPOTENCY RELATIVE TO MORPHINEDURATION OF ACTION (HOURS)Codeine Dihydrocodeine1/103-6Pethidine1/82-4Tapentadol1/34-6Hydrocodone2/34-8Oxycodone1.53-4Methadone5-10d8-12Hydromorphone4-54-5Buprenorphine (SL)806-8Buprenorphine(TD)

RetCam Information

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:02:33+00:00

RetCam Information * SFCH RetCam Envision Quick Start Guide * RetCam Envision User Manual * RetCam 3 User Manual

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-01T15:54:18+00:00

Retinitis Pigmentosa FIXME Main Features Distinguishing Features Differential Dx Pathogenesis Treatment Resources inherited_retinal_disease retina

Retinoblastoma-Fresh Tumor Specimen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-22T22:51:08+00:00

Retinoblastoma-Fresh Tumor Specimen * Use 25 gauge 5/8 inch needle on 5cc syringe. * Pull back with some force, don't put air in the eye * Look for some tissue, if vitreous comes, eye may flatten * Can fill the eye with some saline and 30g if it flattens

Retinoblastoma Genetic Testing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Retinoblastoma Genetic Testing * Download and complete the Impact Genetics Lab forms * Order the test in Epic * Draw the blood * Obtain the tumor tissue if applicable * Send the Impact Genetics forms with the sample(s) Impact Genetics Lab Forms * Access the Impact Genetics Requisition Packet online . * Print the Testing Requisition packet, Consent and the Sample Instructions.

Retinoblastoma International Classification

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Retinoblastoma International Classification Group Summary Sub-Group Specific Features

Retinoblastoma Screening Schedules

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Retinoblastoma Screening Schedules Genetics Unknown * Unilateral Screening Schedule [PDF] * Bilateral Screening Schedule [PDF] Genetics Known * Screening Schedule based on results of genetic testing [PDF] retinoblastoma

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-29T19:04:14+00:00

Retinopathy of Prematurity Abnormal vascular growth in premature infants Plus * Assessed at the optic nerve * Use a 20D lens * 2 quadrants of dilation and tortuosity Standard Photographs * Recommended Photograph * ETROP Standard Photograph

ROP Oxygen Protocol

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-29T19:18:25+00:00

ROP Oxygen Protocol a.k.a. Target Supplemental Oxygen Therapy for ROP Iowa NICU ROP oxygen protocol References * Colaizy TT, Longmuir S, Gertsch K, Abramoff MD, Klein JM. Use of a Supplemental Oxygen Protocol to Suppress Progression of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(2):877-891 * Minturn R et al. Efficacy of supplemental oxygen in reducing the need for laser or intravitreal bevacizumab in preterm infants with stage 2 retinopathy of prematurity. BMC Ophtha…

ROP Screening Guidelines- U Iowa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-29T19:04:51+00:00

ROP Screening Guidelines- U Iowa Any one of the following criteria qualifies the patient for ROP screening * Infants with a birth weight of < 1500 grams * Infants with an estimated gestational age at birth of ≤ 30 weeks * Infants who are considered high risk by the Neonatologist

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-19T00:02:25+00:00

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Main Features * Mental Retardation * Speech difficulties * Broad thumbs and toes, often medially deviated Eye Findings * External: * Down-slanting palpebral fissures (88%) * Heavy eyebrows or high arched (76%)

RVU Calculator

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

RVU Calculator * American Association of Professional Coders RVU calculator calculator coding billing

RVU table

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-20T22:16:24+00:00

RVU table Arranged By Code Group Code Description RVU Clinic 99202 New E&M level 2 0.93 92002 New Eye Brief 0.88 99203 New E&M level 3 1.6 92004

Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-22T17:40:52+00:00

Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome a.k.a Linear sebaceous nevus syndrome Main Features * Congenital neurocutaneous disorder * Subtype of epidermal nevus syndrome or “organoid nevus syndrome” * linear or systematized nevus sebaceus typically involving the scalp or face

Schirmer Test

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Schirmer Test * Schirmer I test * Without Anesthetic * Measures the basal tear secretion plus the reflex tearing from the main lacrimal gland * Often used when suspecting Sjögren syndrome * With Anesthetic * Measures the basal tear secretion *

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-02T20:49:15+00:00

Seborrheic Dermatitis Common inflammatory skin condition characterized by scaling, erythema and puritis in the areas of skin rich with sebaceous glands a.k.a. Dandruff, Cradle Cap, Seborrheic eczema, Seborrhea Resources * Clinical Key Clinical Overview

Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-23T02:44:31+00:00

Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa FIXME retinitis pigmentosa References * Coussa RG. et al. "Sector retinitis pigmentosa: Report of ten cases and a review of the literature" Molecular Vision 2019;25:869-889

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-02T19:38:22+00:00

Sensorineural Hearing Loss * Ocular screening is recommended due to the frequent co-incidence of ocular disease * Eye exam when first diagnosed and follow up as required. Ocular/Visual Screening Recommendations * Complete Eye Exam * Additional specialized testing based on findings

Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Sickle Cell Retinopathy * [Screening Protocol for Children at UIHC]

Common Tags

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-21T19:25:08+00:00

Common Tags * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Media * Books * Calculators * Lectures * Product Catalogs * Patient Handouts Site Information * About * Index * Tag Search * Wiki Syntax * Recent Changes External Links EyeFixer Site YouTube: Pediatric Eye Surgery YouTube: Strabismus Surgery Vimeo: Pediatric Eye Surgery Mobile Eye

SilSoft Contact Lenses

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-01T21:11:46+00:00

SilSoft Contact Lenses SilSoft Apakic * Base Curves: 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, 8.1, 8.3 mm * Diameters: 11.3 mm, 12.5 mm * Powers: +11.5D to +20.00D (1.00 D steps) SilSoft Super Plus * Base Curves: 7.5, 7.7, 7.9 mm * Diameter: 11.30 mm * Powers: +23.00 to +32.00D (in 3.00D steps)

Sjögren Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Sjögren Syndrome Autoimmune disease of that affects the lacrimal and salivary glands causing dryness of the ocular surface and mucous membranes. It often seriously affects other organ systems, such as the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. When to Suspect

Skull Base Foramina and their Contents

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Skull Base Foramina and their Contents OpeningContentsCribriform plateOlfactory Nerve (CN I)Optic canalOptic Nerve (CN II)Superior orbital fissureOculomotor (CN III), Trochler (CN IV), Trigeminal Opthalmic division (CN V1), Abducens (CN VI), sympathetic fibers,superior ophthalmic vein

Smith-Lemli-Optiz Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-11T18:05:49+00:00

Smith-Lemli-Optiz Syndrome Characteristics * Distinctive facial features * microcephaly with bitemporal narrowing, a short upturned nose with anteverted nares, unilateral or bilateral ptosis, epicanthus, and retrognathia See Reference [1] below

Smith-Magenis Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:11:09+00:00

Smith-Magenis Syndrome Main Features * Distinctive physical features * Brachycephaly, broad nasal bridge, prominent forehead, synophrys, downturned upper lip, prognathism, malformed and malpositioned helices * Infants * School Age * Adolescent From 2. Ophthalmic Manifestations of Smith-Magenis Syndrome. Ophthalmology 1996

Snijders Blok-Campeau Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:17:26+00:00

Snijders Blok-Campeau Syndrome Main Features * Intellectual disability, speech problems and distinctive facial features From Reference (1) Eye Findings * Hypertelorism common * Strabismus 30% * CVI 9% Other Findings * Macrocephaly

Social Determinants of Health

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Social Determinants of Health * Patient requiring an interpreter as they don't speak English * A child in foster care or in welfare custody * An adult lives alone and lacks their own transportation * An adult lacks literacy skills * Homelessness, risk of homelessness (housing insecurity) or inadequate housing (lack of electricity, plumbing, heat)

Sotos Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-01T23:13:19+00:00

Sotos Syndrome Main Features * Distinctive Facial Features * Broad, prominent forehead with a dolichocephalic head shape, sparse frontotemporal hair,downslanting palpebral fissures, malar flushing, long and narrow face, tall chin From Reference 2

St. Luke's Documents

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-14T19:16:13+00:00

St. Luke's Documents * OR case classification- timing for urgent and non-urgent cases * [Measles Guidance] * [Measles Triage Process]

Stargardt Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-30T18:40:11+00:00

Stargardt Disease * Autosomal recessive inherited retinal dystrophy * ABCA4 gene mutations Main Features * Bilateral central vision loss * Yellow pisiform flecks in posterior pole 70% * Early cases can mimic Batten Disease * Late cases can mimic Pattern dystrophy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-28T20:01:50+00:00

Top Searches Browse Index ---------- This wiki contains information related to pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus

Statistical Tests

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Statistical Tests * VassarStats * Stats Kingdom * Clinc Calc Sample Size Calculator * Clinc Calc Post Hoc Power Calculator calculator

Stellest Lenses for Myopia Progression

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-11T19:29:04+00:00

Stellest Lenses for Myopia Progression * Essilor Lens approved by FDA to reduce myopia progression * Over 2 years children wearing Stellest lenses had average change of -0.25 and those without had -0.90 (71% reduction) Indications for use * Age 6-12 years

Stickler Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-02T19:37:17+00:00

Stickler Syndrome Main Features * Connective tissue disorder with ocular, craniofacial, auditory and skeletal manifestation Eye Findings * High myopia (< -3 D) * Vitreous * Type 1- membranous with persistent vestigial gel in the retrolental spaces bordered by a folded membrane

Strabismus Surgical Dosages (Hunter)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Strabismus Surgical Dosages (Hunter) (from David G. Hunter MD, PhD) Horizontal Deviations Deviation ET XT PD

Superficial Punctate Keratitis (causes)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-09T14:52:20+00:00

Superficial Punctate Keratitis (causes) * Dry Eye * Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Sjögren syndrome) * Chronic inflammation * blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction * contact lens overwear * Toxicity * contact lens soluation *

Superior Oblique Myokymia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Superior Oblique Myokymia Definition Uniocular paroxysms of small-amplitude, high-frequency rotary nystagmus. Etiology * Unknown. * May be regeneration of damage to trochlear nerve as it has been described in two patients who had superior oblique palsy.

Surgery for Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Surgery for Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsy ClassHTVIOOASOUATorsionDMRAHPTreatment1No22>+2-1 to 0No10°NoBIOc2No160 to +1> -2Yes13°Chin downBSOt or Harada-Ito3No40> +2> -2Yes14°Chin downBIOc & BSOt or Harada-Ito∗4aYes21> +2 asym> -2Yes14°Tilt

Surgery for Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Surgery for Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy Illustrated for Right SOP ClassR. HyperR.GazeSOUAIOOATreatment1<15None0 to -1+2 to +3RIOc2<15None-1 to-2+3 to +4RIOc or RIOmx3a<15None-2 to -40 to +1LIRc3b<15As 3 a but with significant torsion RSOt or Harada-Ito + LIRc

Superior Oblique Tuck

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-06T04:02:39+00:00

Superior Oblique Tuck References When and How to strengthen the superior oblique muscle. Costenbader Lecture by Richard A.Saunders, MD. JAAPOS 2009;13:430-437 strabismus-surgery

Journal Article: Surgery for the Near Angle by Burt Kushner

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Journal Article: Surgery for the Near Angle by Burt Kushner Fifteen-Year Outcome of Surgery for the Near Angle in Patients with Accommodative Esotropia and an High Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Ratio. Arch Ophthalmic. 2001:119:1150-1153 article esotropia strabismus

Surgery for A and V Patterns

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Surgery for A and V Patterns * For an A or V pattern without significant oblique dysfunction, moving the horizontal rectus vertically at the time of strabismus surgery can eliminate the pattern * A-Pattern * > 10 Prism Diopters in Upgaze vs Downgaze

AAO Surgery Prioritization Strategy: CPT Codes for Typical Ophthalmic Procedures

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-13T23:42:17+00:00

AAO Surgery Prioritization Strategy: CPT Codes for Typical Ophthalmic Procedures AAO Surgery Prioritization Strategy: Codes for Typical Ophthalmic Procedures (PDF) Emergent Procedures Condition/Service CPT Code(s) Endophthalmitis

Sympathomimetic eyedrops and their mechanism of action on the Iris

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Sympathomimetic eyedrops and their mechanism of action on the Iris Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists * cause vasoconstriction, mydriasis and uterine contractions * Phenylepherine (neoynepherine): Alpha-1 receptor agonist * Other similar drugs: Dipivefrin, naphazoline

Synergistic Divergence

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Synergistic Divergence * Paradoxical abduction during attempted horizontal gaze to the contralateral side * Report of 5 cases * Description of congenital syndrome of monocular adduction deficit * simultaneous abduction of both eyes on attempted gaze into the field of action of the paretic medial rectus muscle.

SYNGAP1-related disorder

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-27T01:46:53+00:00

SYNGAP1-related disorder Main Features * Intellectual disability * Epilepsy * Behavioral abnormalities Eye Findings * Strabismus 20-30%- mostly exotropia Other Findings * Autism * Hypotonia * Motor delays Etiology * Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SYNGAP1 gene

Tacrolimus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T04:24:23+00:00

Tacrolimus FDA approved for dermatologic use only For Allergic Conjunctivitis * Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment (Protopic or generic) * FDA approved for use on skin only, not approved for use in the eyes * Apply BID to the affected eyes for 4 weeks

Tag Search

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Tag Search

TARP syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T02:21:21+00:00

TARP syndrome Main Features * Initially described as T=Talipes equinovarus; A = Atrial Septal Defect; R = Robin Sequence; P= Persistent left superior vena cava * Further investigation reveled the following major findings * Developmental Delay

Telemedicine

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Telemedicine * Codes describe real-time, interactive encounters between physician or other QHP and patient. * Based on level of MDM or total time for E/M performed on date of encounter. * Not used for routine telecommunications related to a previous encounter (eg, to communicate lab results).

Teller Acuity Cards

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Teller Acuity Cards Download Manual PDF (2.5 Mb) Binocular Visual Acuity Norms Monocular Visual Acuity Norms Conversion Tables tests

ZZTemplate Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

ZZTemplate Syndrome Main Features * Eye Findings * Other Findings * Etiology * Resources * Title syndrome

Thygeson Superficial Punctate Keratitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Thygeson Superficial Punctate Keratitis * Photophobia, tearing, burning, foreign body sensation * Blurred vision * Chronic and recurrent, usually bilateral but may be asymmetric * Small elevated oval corneal intraepithelial, white-gray opacities extend along entire corneal surface

Topical Steroid Equivalencies

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Topical Steroid Equivalencies Name Brand Name Relative Potency Difluprednate Durezol® 1.25 Prednisolone 1.0% Pred Forte® 1.00 Prednisolone 1.0% Inflammase Forte®

Torpedo Maculopathy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-14T00:46:54+00:00

Torpedo Maculopathy Characteristics * Single oval shaped lesion of the RPE * Located close to the fovea * usually temporal and unilateral * leading edge points towards the fovea * Causes a scotoma * Not associated with other vision loss

Tics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Tics [Practice guideline recommendations summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette Syndrome and chronic tic disorders]

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-03-23T17:47:36+00:00

Treacher-Collins Syndrome a.k.a. Treacher-Collins-Franceschetti, Mandibulofacial dystosis Main Features Bilateral characteristic facial features: malar and mandibular hypoplasia, microstomia, coloboma of outer third of lower lid, external and middle ear anomalies

Surgical Treatments for Abnormal Head Position in Nystagmus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Surgical Treatments for Abnormal Head Position in Nystagmus Horizontal Nystagmus * Anderson Procedure * Kestenbaum-Anderson Procedure Vertical Nystagmus Chin Up * Recession of Inferior Rectus and Resection of Superior Rectus * [Law, Zheng and Donahue. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2022;59(6):410-415] * Recession of Inferior rectus, Superior oblique recession, Superior Rectus Tuck

Triage Guidelines

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Triage Guidelines * [Triage Peds Eye Clinic Guidelines]

Trisomy 13

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-29T15:05:39+00:00

Trisomy 13 a.k.a. Patau syndrome Main Features * Severe congenital and neurodevelopmental impairment * Midline defects * cleft lip and palate, holoprosencephaly, scalp defects (aplasia cutis), congenital heart disease. * Poor prognosis for life with high infant mortality, most infants die in the first days or weeks of life only 5-10% survive beyond the first year.

Trisomy 18

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-26T22:15:34+00:00

Trisomy 18 a.k.a Edwards syndrome Main Features * Constellation of congenital anomalies affecting multiple organ systems (face, cardiac, renal, GI, CNS) * Characteristic physical features * Small head, micrognatia, low-set malformed ears, overlapping fingers rocker bottom feet

Troxler's Fading

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Troxler's Fading * Also known as Troxler's Effect * Stimulus in peripheral vision will fade away and disappear. * See Wikipedia

True Ocular Alignment with Myopic Spectacles

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

True Ocular Alignment with Myopic Spectacles True Angle Rx Power Measured Angle Measured Angle↓ Rx Power→ -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8

True Ocular Alignment with Hyperopic Spectacles

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

True Ocular Alignment with Hyperopic Spectacles Spectacle Power Measured Angle (PD) +1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+12+15+20+30 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 10 20 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 16 20

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:39:14+00:00

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Main Features * Benign tumors of the brain, kidney, lung, heart and eyes. * One of the phakomatoses Eye Findings * Retinal astrocytic hamartomas 34-75% of patients with TSC. * flat, translucent lesions, multinodular “mulberry

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome (TINU)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T01:54:25+00:00

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome (TINU) Diagnostic Criteria Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Criteria 2021 Clinical Criteria * Anterior uveitis with our without intermediate/posterior involvement * Anterior chamber cell

Tumors of the Conjunctiva and Cornea

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Tumors of the Conjunctiva and Cornea Duanes Chapter

Turner Syndrome and Mosaic Turner Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-01T15:18:11+00:00

Turner Syndrome and Mosaic Turner Syndrome Main Features * Usually phenotypically female * Short stature * Webbed neck * “Shield chest” with wide-spaced nipples * cubitus valgus * hearing loss * Cardiac malformations * Bicuspid Aortic valve

UIHC Forms

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

UIHC Forms Surgical Consent forms * [Blank] * [Strabismus] * [EUA] * [NLD Probing] * [Infant & Child cataract] * [Cataract with IOL_adult form] forms

Single Muscle Recession for Strabismus (Coats and Olitsky)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Single Muscle Recession for Strabismus (Coats and Olitsky) For Esotropia Angle Δ MR Recession 10 5 mm 15 5.5 mm 20 6 mm 25 6.5 mm For Exotropia Angle Δ LR Recession 15

User Manuals

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-05T02:59:32+00:00

User Manuals Cameras * [Envision User Manual] * [RetCam 3 User Manual] * More Info on RetCam Ultrasound * [Sonomed PacScan Plus User Manual] * 4Sight Ultrasound User Manual by Keeler (formerly Accutome)

Usher Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-26T19:48:05+00:00

Usher Syndrome often abbreviated as USH Main Features * Retinitis Pigmentosa * Sensorineural hearing loss * Vestibular disturbances Eye Findings * Retinitis Pigmentosa * Pigmentary retinopathy with degeneration of the RPE * Optic disc pallor

Classification of Uveitis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Classification of Uveitis Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) working group scheme Anatomic Classification Type Primary Site of Inflammation Includes

VACTERL Association

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-21T02:19:58+00:00

VACTERL Association Main Features At least three of the following: * Vetebral defects * Anal atresia * Cardiac Defects * Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula * Renal anomalies * Limb anomalies Eye Findings * None recognized as consistent or common part of the condition

Venolymphatic Malformation

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Venolymphatic Malformation * Previously known as Lymphangioma * Lesions with more venous component have more difficult course. * Ultrasound localization * Sclerosing agents * absolute etoh, * bleomycin, doxycycline foam (albumin+air) *

Vertex Conversion Chart

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:51:26+00:00

Vertex Conversion Chart For converting spectacle lens <=> contact lens power

Visual Acuity Conversion Table

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Visual Acuity Conversion Table 20 ft6 mDecimal4 mLog MAR20/6306/1900.0324/125+1.520/5006/1500.044/100+1.420/4006/1200.054/80+1.320/3206/950.064/63+1.220/2506/750.084/50+1.120/2006/600.14/40+1.020/1606/480.1254/32+0.920/1256/380.164/25+0.820/1006/300.2

Visual Milestones

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-06-01T18:40:53+00:00

Visual Milestones Normal visual developmental milestones during the first year of life, synthesized from AAO and AAP guidelines and developmental studies. Age Visual Milestone

Vitreoretinal Precursors of Retinal Breaks

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-25T18:26:13+00:00

Vitreoretinal Precursors of Retinal Breaks Lattice Degeneration * Occurs in 8% (6-10%) slightly more than half are unilateral * 0.5-1% will get a retinal detachment * 20-30% of those with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments have lattice * Clinical appearance varies widely

Waardenburg Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Waardenburg Syndrome Main Features * Congenital sensorineural hearing loss * White forelock * Hair hypopigmentation * Iris pigmentary abnormality Eye Findings * Iris pigmentary abnormality * Complete heterochromia * Segmental heterochromia * Complete hypoplastic blue iridies

Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-26T14:46:06+00:00

Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome Main Features * Developmental delay/Intellectual disability * Hypotonia * Distinctive Facial Features Eye Findings * Dysmorphisms * Downslanting Palpebral Fissures (74-94%) * Vertically narrow (short) palpebral fissures (72-80%)

Williams Syndrome

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-05-20T22:32:04+00:00

Williams Syndrome aka Williams-Beuren Syndrome Main Features * Dysmorphic Facies (100%) * Cardiovascular disease (80%) * supravalvular aortic stenosis most common * Intellectual disability (75%) * Idiopathic hypercalcemia (15-45%) Eye Findings * Strabismus

Wilson Disease

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Wilson Disease Main Features * Hepatic disease due to excess accumulation of copper * Neurologic impairment from copper overload * Laboratory findings * Low serum ceruloplasmin levels <14 mg/dl * 24 hour urine copper excretion >40 μg

Motor Vehicle Window Tinting Laws

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-04-18T20:40:33+00:00

Motor Vehicle Window Tinting Laws * [Iowa] forms

Wölfflin-Krückmann Spots

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-06-14T03:49:19+00:00

Wölfflin-Krückmann Spots References * Ophthalmic Manifestations of Smith-Magenis Syndrome * Smith-Magenis Syndrome

Zellweger Spectrum Disorder

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-16T00:05:39+00:00

Zellweger Spectrum Disorder Main Features * Range of multisystemic manifestations of varying severity involving the following systems: neurologic, liver, adrenal, bone, hearing, vision * Disease severity associated with level of residual PEX protein function in the peroxisomes